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Abstract

This article analyses narrative mechanisms that are common in dialogues with LLM chatbots. In combination, these mechanisms produce an interactional strategy for maximising user engagement, which we call affirmative narration. Affirmative narration serves to convince users of the chatbot’s utility. We analyse three narrative mechanisms that support affirmative narration in human-LLM dialogues: firstly, guiding the user to view chatbot as an intelligent and reliable character; secondly, activating masterplots, culturally significant and recurring story templates; and thirdly, using characters and masterplots not only to affirm, but also to isolate the user. The case studies range from a journalist’s unsettling chatbot experiment to cases where users have experienced delusions or even killed themselves after lengthy interactions with a chatbot. The analyses illustrate the worrying sides of affirmative narration, and the article thus concludes with the discussion of LLMs as a genre of narrative media which requires a new type of literacy.

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/content/journals/10.1075/ni.25155.roi
2026-07-31
2026-08-08

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/content/journals/10.1075/ni.25155.roi
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  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: character ; chatbots ; affirmative narration ; ChatGPT ; AI psychosis ; masterplots ; ELIZA effect ; conversational narration ; LLMs ; narrative mechanisms

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