1887
Volume 16, Issue 4
  • ISSN 1018-2101
  • E-ISSN: 2406-4238

Abstract

So-called traditional theories in second langauge acquisition (SLA) have been criticized for their neglect to examine interactional, social, and political aspects in language practices. The present study will illustrate exoticization, one of the political phenomena observed in interactions between native-speaker and non-native speaker (NS/NNS). Exoticization is known as a covert power exercise where ‘self’ creates inferior ‘other’ in order to establish and maintain its superiority (Said 1978), which involves identity construction and categorization. Adopting a conversation analysis (CA) approach and utilizing NS-NNS conversations in Japanese, this study will first demonstrate how exoticization is discursively constructed through the development of interactions. Then the study will explore how the NNS participant tries to resist such practices. By so doing, this study will shed light on interactional and ideological aspects of language practices and society as a learning environment. The study will also suggest the necessity for exploring what NNSs face in real L2 societies in order to develop emic perspectives in SLA studies.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/prag.16.4.02fuk
2006-01-01
2024-10-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Antaki, C. , & S. Widdicombe
    (1998) Identity as an achievement and as a tool. In C. Antaki & S. Widdicombe (eds.), Identities in Talk. London: Sage Publications, pp. 1-14.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Baquedano-López, P
    (1997) Creating social identity through Doctorina narratives. Issues in Applied Linguistics 8.1: 27-45.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Cole, K. , & J. Zuengler
    (2003) Engaging in an authentic science project: Appropriating, resisting, and denying “scientific” identities. In R. Bayley & S.R. Schecter (eds.), Language socialization in bilingual and multilingual societies. Clevedor, UK: Multilingual Matters.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Cook, H.M
    (1999) Situational meanings of Japanese social deixis: The mixed use of the masu and plain forms. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 8.1: 87-110. doi: 10.1525/jlin.1998.8.1.87
    https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1998.8.1.87 [Google Scholar]
  5. Cornell, S. , & D. Hartmann
    (1998) Ethnicity and Race: Making identities in a changing world. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Coulmas, F
    (1992) Linguistic etiquette in Japanese society. In R.J. Watts , S. Ide , and K. Ehlich (eds.), Politeness in language: Studies in its history, theory and practice. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 299-323.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Day, D
    (1994) Tang’s dilemma and other problems: Ethnification processes at some multicultural workplaces. Pragmatics4: 315-336.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. (1998) Being ascribed, and resisting, membership of an ethnic group. In C. Antaki & S. Widdicombe (eds.), Identities in Talk. London: Sage Publications, pp. 151-170.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Derrida, J
    (1981) Positions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Douglas, M
    (1966) Purity and Danger. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203361832
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203361832 [Google Scholar]
  11. Duff, P
    (2002) The Discourse co-construction of knowledge, identity, and difference: An ethnography of communication in the high school mainstream. Applied Linguistics 23.3: 289-322. doi: 10.1093/applin/23.3.289
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/23.3.289 [Google Scholar]
  12. Firth, A. , & J. Wagner
    (1997) On discourse, communication, and (some) fundamental concepts in SLA research. Modern Language Journal81: 285-300. doi: 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.1997.tb05480.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1997.tb05480.x [Google Scholar]
  13. Foucault, M
    (1980) Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Garret, P.B. , & P. Baquedano-López
    (2002) Language socialization: Reproduction and continuity, transformation and change. Annual Review of Anthropology31: 339-361.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Goodwin, C
    (1981) Conversational organization: interaction between speakers and hearers. New York: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. (1987) Forgetfulness as an interactive resource. Social Psychology Quarterly50: 115-131. doi: 10.2307/2786746
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2786746 [Google Scholar]
  17. Hall, S
    (2001) The spectacle of the other. In M. Wetherell , S. Taylor , & S. Yates (eds.), Discourse Theory and Practice: A reader. London: Sage Publications, pp. 324-344.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Hawkins, M.R
    (2005) Becoming a student: Identity work and academic literacies in Early schooling. TESOL Quarterly 39.1: 59-82. doi: 10.2307/3588452
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3588452 [Google Scholar]
  19. Harklau, L
    (2003) Representational practices and multi-modal communication in US high schools: Implications for adolescent immigrants. In R. Barley & S.R. Schecter (eds.), Language socialization in bilingual and multilingual societies. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, pp. 83-97.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. He, A
    (2003) Novices and their speech roles in Chinese heritage language classes. In R. Barley & S.R. Schecter (eds.), Language socialization in bilingual and multilingual societies. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, pp. 128-146.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Heritage, J
    (2004) Conversation analysis and institutional talk: Analyzing data. In D. Silverman (ed.), Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice. London: Sage, pp. 222-245.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Iino, M
    (1996) “Excellent foreigner!”: Gaijinization of Japanese language and culture in contact situations-An ethnographic study of dinner table conversations between Japanese host families and American students. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kasper, G
    (1997) Can pragmatic competence be taught? (Net Work #6) [HTML document]. Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center. Available: www.lll.hawaii.edu/nflrc/NetWorks/NW6.
  24. Kasper, G. , & R.K. Rose
    (2002) Pragmatic Development in a Second Language. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Kondo, D
    (1990) Crafting selves: Power, gender, and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace. Chicago, IL: University Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Kubota, R
    (2002) The impact of globalization on language teaching in Japan. In D. Block & D. Cameron (eds.), Globalization and Language Teaching. London: Routledge, pp. 13-28.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Kuno, S
    (1978) Danwa no bumpoo (‘Grammar in discourse’). Tokyo, Japan: Taishuukan Shoten.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Lo, A
    (2004) Evidentiality and morality in a Korean heritage language school. Pragmatics14.2/3: 235-256.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Markee, N. , & G. Kasper
    (2004) Classroom talks: An introduction. Modern Language Journal 88.4: 491-500. doi: 10.1111/j.0026‑7902.2004.t01‑18‑.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.t01-18-.x [Google Scholar]
  30. Maynard, S
    (1991) Discourse and interactional functions of the Japanese modal adverb yahari/yappari . Language Sciences12: 39-57. doi: 10.1016/0388‑0001(91)90004‑K
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0388-0001(91)90004-K [Google Scholar]
  31. (1999) Grammar, with attitude: On the expressivity of certain da sentences in Japanese. Linguistics 37.2: 215-250. doi: 10.1515/ling.37.2.215
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.37.2.215 [Google Scholar]
  32. Maynard, M.W. , & D.H. Zimmerman
    (1984) Topical talk, ritual, and the social organization of relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly47: 301-316. doi: 10.2307/3033633
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3033633 [Google Scholar]
  33. Makino, S. , & M. Tsutsui
    (1989) A dictionary of basic Japanese grammar. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Times.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Mori, J
    (2003) The Construction of interculturality: A study of initial encounters between Japanese and American students. Research on Language and Social Interaction 36.2: 143-184. doi: 10.1207/S15327973RLSI3602_3
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327973RLSI3602_3 [Google Scholar]
  35. Nishizaka, A
    (1995) The interactive constitution of interculturality: How to be a Japanese with words. Human Studies18: 301-326. doi: 10.1007/BF01323214
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01323214 [Google Scholar]
  36. Norton, B
    (2000) Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity, and educational change. Essex, UK: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Ochs, E
    (2002) Becoming a speaker of culture. In C. Kramsch (ed.), Language acquisition and language socialization: Ecological perspectives. London: Continuum, pp. 99-120.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Oktar, L
    (2001) The ideological organization of representational processes in the presentation of us and them. Discourse and Society 12.3: 313-346. doi: 10.1177/0957926501012003003
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926501012003003 [Google Scholar]
  39. Pavlenko, A
    (2002) Poststructuralist approaches to the study of social factors in second language learning and use. In V. Cook (ed.), Portraits of the L2 user. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, pp. 277-302.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Pennycook, A
    (2001) Critical applied linguistics. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Roberts, C
    (1998) Language acquisition or language socialization in and through discourse: Toward a redefinition of the domain of SLA. Working Papers in Applied Linguistics4: 31-42.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Sacks, H
    (1972) An initial investigation of the usability of conversational data for doing sociology. In D. Sudnow (ed.), Studies in social interaction. New York: Free Press, pp. 31-74.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. (1979) Hotrodder: A revolutionary category. In G. Psathas (ed.), Everyday language: Studies in ethnomethodology. New York: Irvington, pp. 23-53.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. (1992) Lectures on conversation. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Saft, S
    (1998) Some uses and meanings of utterance: Initial iya in Japanese discourse. Korean and Japanese Linguistics4: 121-137.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Said, E
    (1978) Orientalism. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Schieffelin, B.B. , & E. Ochs
    (1986) Language socialization. Annual Review of Anthropology15: 163-191. doi: 10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001115
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001115 [Google Scholar]
  48. Shea, D
    (1994) Perspective and production: Structuring conversational participation across cultural borders. Pragmatics 4.3: 357-389.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Siegal, M
    (1994) Learning Japanese as a second language in Japan and the interaction of race, gender, and social context. Doctoral dissertation, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Dissertation Abstract International, 56, 1692.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. (1996) The role of learner subjectivity in second language sociolinguistic competency: Western women learning Japanese. Applied Linguistics17: 356-382. doi: 10.1093/applin/17.3.356
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/17.3.356 [Google Scholar]
  51. Suzuki, S
    (1996) Pejorative connotation: A case of Japanese. In A.H. Jucker & Y. Ziv (eds.), Discourse Markers – Description and Theory. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 261-276.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Talmy, S
    (2004) Forever FOB: The cultural production of ESL in a high school. Pragmatics14.2/3: 149-172.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. (2005) Lifers and FOBs, rocks and resistance: Generation 1.5, identity, and the cultural productions of ESL in a high school. Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Watson-Gegeo, K.A. , & S. Nielsen
    (2003) Language socialization in SLA. In C. Doughty & M. Long (eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, pp. 155-177.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Williams, G
    (1992) Sociolinguistics: A Sociological Critique. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Yamaguchi, T.
    (2003) Reanalysis of contrastive –wa in Japanese: Perspectives from newspaper articles. Pragmatics13.3: 423-450.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Zimmerman, D.H
    (1998) Identity, context, and interaction. In C. Antaki & S. Widdicombe (eds.), Identities in talk. London: Sage, pp. 87-106.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Zimmerman, D.H. , & C. West
    (1975) Sex roles, interruption, and silence in conversation. In B. Thorne & N. Henley (eds.), Language and sex: Difference and dominance. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, pp. 225-274.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/prag.16.4.02fuk
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error