1887
Volume 2, Issue 2
  • ISSN 1018-2101
  • E-ISSN: 2406-4238
Preview this article:

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/prag.2.2.03muf
1992-01-01
2025-02-14
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Alleyne, M.C
    (1980) Comparative Afro-American: An historical-comparative study of English-based Afro-American dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bailey, B.L
    (1965) “Toward a new perspective in Negro English dialectology”. American Speech40: 171-7. doi: 10.2307/454064
    https://doi.org/10.2307/454064 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bailey, G
    (1987) Unititled contribution to Are black and white vernaculars diverging? Papers from the NWAVE XIV panel discussion, ed. by R. Butters , pp.32-40. American Speech62, #1.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. . (to appear) Review of Edgar Schneider (1989) Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bailey, G. and M. Bassett
    (1986) “Invariant be in the Lower South”. In Montgomery and Bailey : Language variety in the South: Perspectives in black and white,158-79.
  6. Bailey, G. and N. Maynor
    (1987) “Decreolization?” Language in Society16: 449-73. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500000324
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000324 [Google Scholar]
  7. Baugh, J
    (1980) “A re-examination of the Black English copula”. InLocating language in time and space, ed. by W. Labov , 83-106. New York: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. (1983a) Black street speech: Its history, structure and survival. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. (1983b) “A survey of Afro-American English”. Annual Review of Anthropology12: 335-54. doi: 10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.002003
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.002003 [Google Scholar]
  10. (1984)  Steady: Progressive aspect in Black Vernacular English. American Speech59: 3-12. doi: 10.2307/454990
    https://doi.org/10.2307/454990 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bickerton, D
    (1984) “The language bioprogram hypothesis”. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences7: 173-221. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00044149
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00044149 [Google Scholar]
  12. Botkin, B.A
    (1945) Lay my burden down: A folk history of slavery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brewer, J
    (1973) “Subject concord of be in Early Black English”. American Speech48: 5-21. doi: 10.2307/3087888
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3087888 [Google Scholar]
  14. Burling, R
    (1973) English in black and white. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Butters, R
    (1989) The death of Black English: Divergence and convergence in black and white vernaculars. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Crozier, A
    (1984) “The Scottish-Irish influence on American English”. American Speech59: 310-31. doi: 10.2307/454783
    https://doi.org/10.2307/454783 [Google Scholar]
  17. Dalby, D
    (1971) “Communication in Africa and the New World”. InBlack-white speech relations, ed. by W. Wolfram & N.H. Clarke : 99-138. Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. DeBose, Ch
    (1984a) “Samana English: a dialect that time forgot”. InProceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. by Amy Dahlstrom et al. : 47-53. BLS.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. (1984b) “A reanalysis of the Black English verb system as decreolization”. MS.
  20. D’Eloia, S.G
    (1973) “Issues in the analysis of Negro Nonstandard English: A review of J.L. Dillard’s Black English: Its history and usage in the United States”. Journal of English Linguistics7: 87-106. doi: 10.1177/007542427300700107
    https://doi.org/10.1177/007542427300700107 [Google Scholar]
  21. Dik, S.C
    (1983) “Auxiliary and copula be in a functional grammar of English”. InLinguistic categories: Auxiliaries and related puzzles, vol. 2, ed. by Frank Heny : 121-43. Dordrecht: D. Reibel Publishing Co. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑009‑6992‑6_4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6992-6_4 [Google Scholar]
  22. Dillard, J.L
    (1972) Black English: Its history and usage in the United States. New York: Random House.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. (1985) Toward a social history of American English. New York: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Dunn, E.F
    (1976) “The black-southern white dialect controversy: Who what to whom?” InBlack English: A seminar, ed. by D.S. Harrison & T. Trabasso : 105-22. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Fasold, R.W
    (1969) “Tense and the form of be in Black English”. Language45: 763-76. doi: 10.2307/412334
    https://doi.org/10.2307/412334 [Google Scholar]
  26. (1976) “One hundred years from syntax to phonology”. InPapers from the parasession on diachronic syntax, ed. by S. Steever , C. Walker , and S. Mufwene : 79-87. Chicago Linguistic Society.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. (1981) “The relationship between black and white speech in the South”. American Speech56: 163-89. doi: 10.2307/454432
    https://doi.org/10.2307/454432 [Google Scholar]
  28. Fasold, R.W. & W. Wolfram
    (1975) “Some linguistic features of Negro dialect”. InBlack American English: Its background and its usage in the schools and in the literature, ed. byPaul Stoller. Delta.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Feagin, C
    (1979) Variation and change in Alabama English: a sociolinguistic study of the white community. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Fickett, J.G
    (1972) “Tense and aspect in Black English”. Journal of English Linguistics6: 17-19. doi: 10.1177/007542427200600102
    https://doi.org/10.1177/007542427200600102 [Google Scholar]
  31. (1975) “Ain’t, not and don’t in Black English”. InPerspectives on Black English, ed. by J.L. Dillard : 86-90. The Hague: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Frajzyngier, Z
    (1984) “On the origin of say and se as complementizers in Black English and English-based creoles”. American Speech59: 207-10. doi: 10.2307/454486
    https://doi.org/10.2307/454486 [Google Scholar]
  33. Gilman, C
    (1981) “Pidgin languages: Form selection or simplification?” Paper read at10th Annual Linguistic Symposium, Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Hancock, I
    (1986) “On the classification of Afro-Seminole Creole”. InLanguage variety in the South: Perspectives in black and white, ed. by Michael Montgomery and Guy Bailey , 85-101. University: University of Alabama Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. (1987) “A preliminary classification of the Anglophone Atlantic creoles, with syntactic data from 33 representative dialects”. InPidgin and creole languages: Essays in memory of John E. Reinecke, ed. by Glenn Gilbert : 264-333. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Herskovits, M.J
    (1941) The myth of the Negro past. Boston: Bacon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Holm, J
    (1976) “Variability of the copula in Black English and its creole kin”. Paper presented atFirst Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, Georgetown, Guyana.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. (1984) “Variability of the copula in Black English and its creole kin”, (updated and expanded version) American Speech59: 291-309. doi: 10.2307/454782
    https://doi.org/10.2307/454782 [Google Scholar]
  39. (1988) Pidgins and creoles. Vol. 1: Theory and structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Krapp, G.P
    (1924) “The English of the Negro”. The American Mercury2: 190-5.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Kurath, Hans
    (1928) The origin of dialectal differences in spoken American English. Modern Philology. 25.385-95.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Labov, W
    (1969) “Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula”. Language45: 714-62. (Also in Labov 1972a: 65-129). doi: 10.2307/412333
    https://doi.org/10.2307/412333 [Google Scholar]
  43. (1972a) Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: U. of Philadelphia Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. (1972b) “Is the Black English Vernacular a separate system?” In Labov 1972a: Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English Vernacular,36-64.
  45. (1972c) “Negative attraction and negative concord”. In Labov 1972a: Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English Vernacular,130-96.
  46. (1972d) “The logic of nonstandard English”. In Labov 1972a: Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English Vernacular,201-40.
  47. (1982) “Objectivity and commitment in linguistic science: The case of the Black English trial in Ann Arbor”. Language in Society11.165-201. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500009192
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500009192 [Google Scholar]
  48. Loflin, M.D
    (1970) “On the structure of the verb in a dialect of American Negro English”. Linguistics59: 14-28.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Loflin, M.D. , N.J. Sobin , and J.L. Dillard
    (1973) “Auxiliary structures and time adverbs in Black American English”. American Speech48: 22-8. doi: 10.2307/3087889
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3087889 [Google Scholar]
  50. McDavid, R., Jr.
    (1950) “Review of Turner (1949)”. Language26: 323-33. doi: 10.2307/410078
    https://doi.org/10.2307/410078 [Google Scholar]
  51. McDavid, R., Jr. and V. McDavid
    (1951) “The relationship of the speech of American Negroes to the speech of Whites”. American Speech26: 3-17. doi: 10.2307/453308
    https://doi.org/10.2307/453308 [Google Scholar]
  52. Montgomery, M
    (1983) “The study of the language of Blacks and Whites in the American South”. Tennessee Linguistics2: 36-46.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Montgomery, M. and G. Bailey
    (1986) “Introduction”. In Montgomery and Bailey : Language variety in the South: Perspectives in black and white,1-29.
  54. (eds.) (1986) Language variety in the South: Perspectives in black and white. University: University of Alabama Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Mufwene, S.S
    (1983a) Some observations on the verb in Black English Vernacular. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, Papers series 2, University of Texas at Austin.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. (1983b) “Observations on time reference in Jamaican and Guyanese creoles”. English World-Wide4:199-229. doi: 10.1075/eww.4.2.04muf
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.4.2.04muf [Google Scholar]
  57. (1984a) Stativity and the progressive. Indiana University Linguisitc Club.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. (1984b) “Gullah and Jamaican creole: an issue on decreolization”. Paper presented atFifth Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. (1985a) “Misinterpreting ‘linguistic continuity’ charitably”. Paper presented at9th Annual Language and Culture in South Carolina Symposium, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. (1985b) “Review of Baugh (1983a)”. American Speech60: 161-6. doi: 10.2307/455305
    https://doi.org/10.2307/455305 [Google Scholar]
  61. (1986a) “Notes on durative constructions in Jamaican and Guyanese creoles”. InVarieties of English Around the World: Focus on the Caribbean, ed. by Manfred Görlach and J. Holm : 167-82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/veaw.g8.10muf
    https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g8.10muf [Google Scholar]
  62. (1986b) “Number delimitation in Gullah”. American Speech61: 33-60. doi: 10.2307/454708
    https://doi.org/10.2307/454708 [Google Scholar]
  63. (1986c) “Les langues creoles peuvent-elles être définies sans allusion à leur histoire?” Etudes Créoles9: 135-50.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. (1986d) “The universalist and substrate hypotheses complement one another”. InSubstrata versus universals in creole genesis, ed. by Pieter Muysken and Norval Smith , 129-62. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.1.08muf
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.1.08muf [Google Scholar]
  65. (1987) “Review article on of Montgomery and Bailey (1986)”. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages2: 93-110. doi: 10.1075/jpcl.2.1.11muf
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.2.1.11muf [Google Scholar]
  66. (1988) “Starting on the wrong foot”. Column. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages3: 109-17. doi: 10.1075/jpcl.3.1.08muf
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.3.1.08muf [Google Scholar]
  67. (1989) “How many be\ are there in English?” Paper presented at40th SECOL Meeting, Norfolk, VA.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. (1990) “Transfer and the substrate hypothesis in creolistics”. Studies in Second Language Acquisition12.1-23.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. (1991a) “Is Gullah decreolizing? A comparison of a speech sample of the 1930’s with a speech sample of the 1980’s”. InThe emergence of Black English: Texts and commentary, ed. by Guy Bailey , Nathalie Maynor , and Patricia Cukor-Avila , 213-30. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.8.10muf
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.8.10muf [Google Scholar]
  70. (1991b) “Some reasons why Gullah is not dying yet”. English World-Wide12.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. (1991c) “Why grammars are monolithic”. InThe joy of grammar: A festschrift for James D. McCawley, ed. by Gary Larson , Diane Brentari , and Lynn MacLeod . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/z.55.15muf
    https://doi.org/ 10.1075/z.55.15muf [Google Scholar]
  72. (1991d) “Pidgins, creoles, typology, and markedness”. InDevelopment and structures of creole languages: Essays in honor of Derek Bickerton, ed. by Francis Byrne & Thorn Huebner : 123-43. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cll.9.16muf
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.9.16muf [Google Scholar]
  73. Mufwene, S.S. and M.B. Dijkhoff
    (1989) “On the so-called “infinitive” in Atlantic creoles”. Lingua77.319-52.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Rickford, J.R
    (1974) “Insights of the mesolect”. InPidgins and creoles: Current trends and prospects, ed. by D. DeCamp & Ian Hancock : 92-117. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. (1975) “Carrying the new wave into syntax: The case of Black English bin ”. InAnalyzing variation in language, ed. by R.W. Fasold & R.W. Shuy : 162-83. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. (1977) “The question of prior creolization of Black English”. InPidgin and creole linguistics, ed. by Albert Valdman : 190-221. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. (1986) “Social contact and linguistic diffusion”. Language 62.245-90. Rosenbaum, Peter (1968). Grammar II . Yorktown Heights, N.Y.: IBM. doi: 10.2307/414674
    https://doi.org/10.2307/414674 [Google Scholar]
  78. Ross, J.R
    (1969) “Auxiliaries as main verbs”. InStudies in Philosophical Linguistics, ed. by W. Todd , 92-117. Evanston, IL: Great Expectations.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Schneider, E.W
    (1982) “On the history of Black English in the USA: Aome new evidence”. English World-Wide3: 18-46. doi: 10.1075/eww.3.1.03sch
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.3.1.03sch [Google Scholar]
  80. (1983) “The diachronic development of the Black English perfective auxiliary phrase”. Journal of English Linguistics16: 55-64. doi: 10.1177/007542428301600107
    https://doi.org/10.1177/007542428301600107 [Google Scholar]
  81. (1989) American earlier Black English. University, AL: University of Alabama Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. (1990) “The cline of creoleness in English-oriented creoles and semi-creoles of the Caribbean”. English World-Wide11: 79-113. doi: 10.1075/eww.11.1.07sch
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.11.1.07sch [Google Scholar]
  83. (1992) “Africanisms in the grammar of Afro-American English: The significance of African substratum”. InAfricanisms in Afro-American language varieties, ed. by Salikoko S. Mufwene . Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Spears, A.K
    (1982) “The Black English semi-auxiliary come”. Language58: 850-72. doi: 10.2307/413960
    https://doi.org/10.2307/413960 [Google Scholar]
  85. Spears, AK
    (1987) Unititled contribution to 4re black and white vernaculars diverging? Papers from the NWAVE XIV panel discussion , ed. by Ronald Butters , pp.48-55. American Speech62, #1. doi: 10.2307/455413
    https://doi.org/10.2307/455413 [Google Scholar]
  86. (ed.) (in press). Language, symbolism, and ideology. Wayne State University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Stewart, W.A
    (1965) “Urban Negro speech: sociolinguistic factors affecting English teaching”. InSocial dialects and language learning, ed. by Roger Shuy : 10-18. Champaign, Illinois: The National Council of Teachers of English.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. (1967) “Sociolinguistic factors in the history of American Negro dialects”. The Florida FL Reporter 5. (Also in Perspectives on Black English , ed. by J.L. Dillard : 222-32. The Hague: Mouton, 1975)
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/prag.2.2.03muf
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error