1887
Volume 22, Issue 4
  • ISSN 1018-2101
  • E-ISSN: 2406-4238

Abstract

Communication in emergency calls is often agitated and callers almost always speak with a sense of urgency. Call operators often have to struggle in order to get the callers’ cooperation. The questioning sequence is often perceived by callers as inappropriate and a way of delaying assistance, frequently producing annoyance and anger in the caller. Interrupted calls are not uncommon in communications with the call centre, nor are cursing, rudeness and face attacks. The focus of previous studies on emotional work in emergency calls has mainly been devoted to communication problems and the consequences these had on the provision of assistance. This paper aims to focus specifically on how operators manage callers’ anxiety and sense of urgency and the emotions tied to this, such as anger. Transcripts of actual emergency calls are examined through a detailed discourse analysis in order to show operators’ interactional work in maintaining emotional contact with callers. The ability of the operators to control their own emotions and manage those of the caller is an important professional skills in this job. Describing how emotional contact with callers is maintained in actual calls can be useful for training and in-service courses.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/prag.22.4.06pao
2012-01-01
2024-12-11
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Arminen, I. , and M. Halonen
    (2007) Laughing with and at patients: The roles of laughter in confrontations in addiction group therapy. The Qualitative Report12.3: 484–513.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bamberg, M.
    (1997) Language, concepts and emotions: The role of language in the construction of emotions. Language Sciences19.4: 309–340. doi: 10.1016/S0388‑0001(97)00004‑1
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0388-0001(97)00004-1 [Google Scholar]
  3. Caffi, C. , and. R.W. Janney
    (1994) Toward a pragmatics of emotive communication. In C. Caffi , and R.W. Janney (eds.), Involvement in language, special issue of Journal of Pragmatics22.3/4: 325–373.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Denzin, N.K.
    (1984) On Understanding Emotion. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Drew, P.
    (1998) Complaints about transgressions and misconducts. Research on Language and Social Interaction31.3: 295–325. doi: 10.1080/08351813.1998.9683595
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08351813.1998.9683595 [Google Scholar]
  6. Edwards, D.
    (1999) Emotion discourse. Culture & Psychology5: 271–91. doi: 10.1177/1354067X9953001
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X9953001 [Google Scholar]
  7. (2001) Emotion. In M. Wetherell , S. Taylor , and S.J. Yates (eds.), Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader. London: Sage, pp.236–246.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. (2005) Discursive psychology. In K. Fitch , and R. Sanders (eds.), Handbook of Language and Social Interaction. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, pp.257–73.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. (2006) Discourse, cognition and social practices: The rich surface of language and social interaction. Discourse Studies8.1: 41–49. doi: 10.1177/1461445606059551
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445606059551 [Google Scholar]
  10. (2007) Introduction. Research on Language and Social Interaction40.1: 1–7. doi: 10.1080/08351810701331190
    https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810701331190 [Google Scholar]
  11. Fineman, S.
    (2000) (ed.)Emotion in Organizations. Second Edition. London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Firth, H. , and C. Kitzinger
    (1998) ‘Emotion work’ as a participant resource: A feminist analysis of young women’s talk-in-interaction. Sociology32.2: 299–320.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Forsberg, H.
    (1999) Speaking of emotions in child protection practices. In A. Jokinen , K. Juhila , and T. Pösö (eds.), Constructing Social Work Practices. Aldershot: Ashgate, pp.116–132.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Freese J. , and D.W. Maynard
    (1998) Prosodic features of bad news and good news in conversation. Language in Society27.2: 195–219. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500019850
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500019850 [Google Scholar]
  15. Garfinkel, H.
    (1967) Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Gilsinan, J.F.
    (1989) They is clowning tough: 911 and the social construction of reality. Criminology27: 329–344. doi: 10.1111/j.1745‑9125.1989.tb01035.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01035.x [Google Scholar]
  17. Goffman, E.
    (1967) Interaction Ritual. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Goodwin, M.H. , and C. Goodwin
    (2000) Emotion within situated activity. In A. Duranti (ed.), Linguistic anthropology: A reader. Maldem, MA, Oxford: Blackwell, pp.239–257.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Harré, R.
    (1988) (ed.)The Social Construction of Emotions. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. (2009) Emotions as cognitive-affective-somatic hybrids. Emotion Review1.4: 294–301. doi: 10.1177/1754073909338304
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073909338304 [Google Scholar]
  21. Heath, C.
    (1989) Pain talk: The expression of suffering in the medical consultation. Social Psychology Quarterly52: 113–25. doi: 10.2307/2786911
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2786911 [Google Scholar]
  22. Hepburn, A.
    (2004) Crying: Notes on description, transcription and interaction. Research on Language and Social Interaction37.3: 251–290. doi: 10.1207/s15327973rlsi3703_1
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi3703_1 [Google Scholar]
  23. Hepburn, A. , and J. Potter
    (2007) Crying receipts: Time, empathy and institutional practice. Research on Language and Social Interaction40.1: 89–116. doi: 10.1080/08351810701331299
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08351810701331299 [Google Scholar]
  24. Heritage, J.
    (2005) Cognition in discourse. In Molder , and J. Potter (eds.), Conversation and Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.184–202. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511489990.009
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489990.009 [Google Scholar]
  25. Heritage, J. , and A. Lindström
    (1998) Motherhood, medicine and morality: Scenes from a medical encounter. Research on Language and Social Interaction31: 397–438. doi: 10.1080/08351813.1998.9683598
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08351813.1998.9683598 [Google Scholar]
  26. Hochschild, A.R.
    (1979) Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology85.3: 551–575. doi: 10.1086/227049
    https://doi.org/10.1086/227049 [Google Scholar]
  27. Imbens-Bailey, A. , and A. McCabe
    (2000) The discourse of distress: A narrative analysis of emergency calls to 911. Language and Communication20.3: 275–296. doi: 10.1016/S0271‑5309(99)00025‑7
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(99)00025-7 [Google Scholar]
  28. Jayyusi, L.
    (1984) Categorization and the moral order. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. (1991) Values and moral judgement: Communicative praxis as moral order. In G. Button (ed.), Ethnomethodology and the human sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.227–51. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511611827.011
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611827.011 [Google Scholar]
  30. Jefferson, G.
    (1984) On the organization of laughter in talk about troubles. In J.M. Atkinson , and J. Heritage (eds.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.346–69.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. (1985) An exercise in the transcription and analysis of laughter. In T.A. van Dijk (ed.), Handbook of discourse analysis. London: Academic Press. Vol. 3, pp.25–34.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Jefferson, G. , H. Sacks , and E.A. Schegloff
    (1987) Notes on laughter in the pursuit of intimacy. In G. Button , and J.R.E. Lee (eds.), Talk and social organisation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp.152–205.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Kidwell, M.
    (2006) “Calm Down!”: The role of gaze in the interactional management of hysteria by the police. Discourse Studies8.6: 745–770. doi: 10.1177/1461445606069328
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445606069328 [Google Scholar]
  34. Maynard, D.W.
    (1998) Praising versus blaming the messenger: Moral issues in deliveries of good and bad news. Research on Language and Social Interaction31.3: 359–395. doi: 10.1080/08351813.1998.9683597
    https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.1998.9683597 [Google Scholar]
  35. Mehan, H.
    (1979) ‘What time is it, Denise?’: Asking known information questions in classroom discourse. Theory into Practice28.4: 285–294. doi: 10.1080/00405847909542846
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00405847909542846 [Google Scholar]
  36. Monzoni
    (2008) Introducing direct complaints through questions: The interactional achievement of pre-sequences. Discourse Studies10.1: 73–87. doi: 10.1177/1461445607085591
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607085591 [Google Scholar]
  37. Monzoni, C.M.
    (2009a) Direct complaints in (Italian) calls to the ambulance: The use of negatively framed questions. Journal of Pragmatics41: 2465–2478. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.042
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.042 [Google Scholar]
  38. (2009b) Preference organization and complaining in (Italian) 118 emergency calls to the ambulance. In E. Weigand (ed.), Dialogue Analysis IX.1: 249–261. usheffield.academia.edu/ChiaraMonzoni/Papers/1090636/Preference_Organization_and_Complaining_in_Italian_118_Emergency_Calls_to_the_Ambulance
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Nikander, P.
    (2007) Interprofessional decision making in elderly care: Morality, criteria, and help allocation. In Isabella Paoletti (ed.), Family Caregiving. Relational and Institutional Issues. New York: Nova Science, pp.319–332.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Paoletti, I.
    (2012) The issue of conversationally constituted context and localization problems in emergency calls. Text & Talk32.2: 191–210.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. (2012) Eliciting a response from an audience. Paper presented atthe SLE 2012, 45th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea29 Aug -1 Sept. Stockholm, Sweden.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. (2009) Communication and diagnostic work in medical emergency calls in Italy. Computer Supported Cooperative Work18.2-3: 229–250. doi: 10.1007/s10606‑009‑9091‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-009-9091-1 [Google Scholar]
  43. (2006) Gender and communication in the control rooms of medical emergency number in Italy. In M. Barrett , and M.J. Davidson (eds.), Gender and Communication issues at work. Aldershot: Ashgate, pp.166-179.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Pepin N.
    (2008) Studies on emotions in social interactionsBulletin Suisse de Linguistique Appliquée88: 1–18.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Pomerantz, A.
    (1984) Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. In J.M. Atkinson , and J. Heritage (eds.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.57–101.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Potter, J.
    (2005) Making psychology relevant. Discourse and Society16: 739–747. doi: 10.1177/0957926505054944
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926505054944 [Google Scholar]
  47. Potter, J. , and D. Edwards
    (2003) Sociolinguistics, cognitivism and discursive psychology. International Journal of English Studies3.1: 93–109.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Reisenzein, R. , and S.A. Döring
    (2009) Ten perspectives on emotional experience: Introduction to the special issue. Emotion Review1.3: 195–205. doi: 10.1177/1754073909103592
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073909103592 [Google Scholar]
  49. Ruusuvuori, J.
    (2007) Managing affect: Integration of empathy and problem-solving in health care encounters. InDiscourse Studies9: 597–622. doi: 10.1177/1461445607081269
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607081269 [Google Scholar]
  50. Sacks, H.
    (1992) Lectures on conversationm, vol I & II. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Schegloff, E.A.
    (1998) Reflections on studying prosody in talk-in-interaction. Language and speech41: 235–63.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Schegloff, E.A. , Gail Jefferson , and Harvey Sacks
    (1977) The preference for self correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language53.2: 361–382. doi: 10.1353/lan.1977.0041
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1977.0041 [Google Scholar]
  53. Selting M.
    (1992) Intonation as a contextualization device: Case studies on the role of prosody, especially intonation, in contextualizing story telling in conversation. In P. Auer , and A. di Luzio (eds.), The contextualization of language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.233–258. doi: 10.1075/pbns.22.16sel
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.22.16sel [Google Scholar]
  54. Seltin, M
    (1994) Emphatic speech style: With special focus on the prosodic signalling of heightened emotive involvement in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics22.3-4: 375–408. doi: 10.1016/0378‑2166(94)90116‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90116-3 [Google Scholar]
  55. Suchman, A.L. , K. Markakis , H.B. Beckman , and R. Frankel
    (1997) A model of empathic communication in the medical interview. Journal of the American Medical Association277.8: 678–682. doi: 10.1001/jama.1997.03540320082047
    https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540320082047 [Google Scholar]
  56. Toerien M. , and C. Kitzinger
    (2007) Emotional labour in action: Navigating multiple involvements in the beauty salon. Sociology41: 645–662.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Tracy, S.J. , and K. Tracy
    (1998a) Emotion labor at 911: A case study and theoretical critique. Research of Applied Communication Research26.4: 390–411. doi: 10.1080/00909889809365516
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889809365516 [Google Scholar]
  58. Tracy, K. , and S.J. Tracy
    (1998b) Rudeness at 911: Reconceptualizing face and face attack. Human Communication Research25.2: 225–251. doi: 10.1111/j.1468‑2958.1998.tb00444.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1998.tb00444.x [Google Scholar]
  59. Tracy, K.
    (1997) Interactional trouble in emergency services requests: A problem of frames. Research on Language and Social Interaction30.4: 315–343. doi: 10.1207/s15327973rlsi3004_3
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi3004_3 [Google Scholar]
  60. Turner, J.H.
    (2009) The sociology of Emotion: Basic theoretical arguments. Emotion Review1.4: 340–354. doi: 10.1177/1754073909338305
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073909338305 [Google Scholar]
  61. Voutilainen, L. , A. Perakyla , and J. Ruusuvuori
    (2010) Recognition and interpretation: Responding to emotional experience in psychotherapy. Research on Language and Social Interaction43.1: 85–107. doi: 10.1080/08351810903474799
    https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08351810903474799 [Google Scholar]
  62. Wakin, M.A. , and D.H. Zimmerman
    (1999) Reduction and specialization in emergency and directory assistance calls. Research on Language and Social Interaction32.4: 409–437. doi: 10.1080/08351813.1999.9683623
    https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.1999.9683623 [Google Scholar]
  63. Wetherell, M. , S. Taylor , and S.J. Yates
    (eds.) (2001) Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader. London: Sage Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Whalen, Jack , and Don H. Zimmerman
    (1998) Observation on the display and management of emotions in natural occurring activities: The case of “hysteria” in calls to 9–1-1. Social Psychology Quarterly61.2: 141–159. doi: 10.2307/2787066
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2787066 [Google Scholar]
  65. Whalen, J. , D.H. Zimmerman , and M.R. Whalen
    (1988) When words fail: A single case analysis. Social Problems35.4: 335–362. doi: 10.2307/800591
    https://doi.org/10.2307/800591 [Google Scholar]
  66. Whalen, M.R. , and D.H. Zimmerman
    (1987) Sequential and institutional contexts in calls for help. Social Psychology Quarterly50.2: 172–185. doi: 10.2307/2786750
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2786750 [Google Scholar]
  67. White, G.M.
    (1990) Moral discourse and the rhetoric of emotions. In C.A. Lutx , and L. Abu-Lughod (eds.), Language and the Politics of Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, pp.46–68.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Wierzbicka, A.
    (2009) Language and metalanguage: Key issues in emotion research. Emotion Review1.1: 3–14. doi: 10.1177/1754073908097175
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073908097175 [Google Scholar]
  69. Wilce, J.M.
    (2009) Language and Emotion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511626692
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511626692 [Google Scholar]
  70. Wilkinson S. , and C. Kitzinger
    (2006) Surprise as an interactional achievement: Reaction tokens in conversation. Social Psychology Quarterly69.2: 150–182. doi: 10.1177/019027250606900203
    https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250606900203 [Google Scholar]
  71. Zimmerman, D.H.
    (1992a) The interactional organization of calls for emergency assistance. In P. Drew , and J. Heritage (eds.), Talk at work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.418–469.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. (1992b) Achieving context. Openings in emergency calls. In G. Watson , and R.M. Seiler (eds.), Text in context. Newbury Park: Sage, pp.35–51.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/prag.22.4.06pao
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Discourse analysis; Emergency calls; Emotional work; Ethnomethodology
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error