1887
Volume 24, Issue 1
  • ISSN 1018-2101
  • E-ISSN: 2406-4238

Abstract

In a number of recent studies, developments in the structure of English general extenders (e.g. , ) have been investigated from the perspective of grammaticalization. These developments have mostly been described in terms of formal changes as a result of processes identified as morphosyntactic reanalysis, phonological attrition and decategorialization. In this study, I first describe the impact of these changes on the structure of general extenders, confirming the usefulness of the basic grammaticalization framework as a way of accounting for developments in linguistic expressions (such as discourse markers or pragmatic markers) that are not considered to be grammatical markers in the traditional sense. I then use a more recent version of the grammaticalization framework to investigate the extent to which general extenders have developed meanings that can be described as subjective (speaker-oriented) and intersubjective (addressee-oriented). In this development, general extenders have come to be used as hedges on expectations of informativeness and accuracy, primarily involving subjective meanings, and as indicators of positive and negative politeness strategies, which carry intersubjective meanings. In this analysis, pragmatic functions are shown to have a significant role in the linguistic changes associated with grammaticalization.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/prag.24.1.05ove
2015-03-01
2025-02-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aijmer, Karin
    (1985) What happens at the end of our utterances? The use of utterance-final tags introduced by And and Or . In Ole Togeby (ed.), Papers from the Eighth Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics. Copenhagen: Copenhagen University, Institut für Philologie, pp.366-389.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. (2002) English Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi: 10.1075/scl.10
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.10 [Google Scholar]
  3. (2013) Understanding Pragmatic MarkersEdinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Aijmer, Karin , and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen
    (2011) Pragmatic markers. In Jan Zienkowski , Jan-Ola Östman , and Jef Verschueren (eds.), Discursive Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.223-243. doi: 10.1075/hoph.8.13aij
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hoph.8.13aij [Google Scholar]
  5. Ball, Catherine , and Mira Ariel
    (1978) “Or something, etc.”. Penn Review of Linguistics3: 35-45.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Barsalou, Lawrence
    (1983) Ad hoc categories. Memory and Cognition11: 211-227. doi: 10.3758/BF03196968
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196968 [Google Scholar]
  7. Benveniste, Émile
    (1958 [1971]) Subjectivity in language. In Mary Elizabeth Meek (Trans.), Problems in General Linguistics. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, pp.223-230.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Biber, Douglas , Stig Johansson , Geoffrey Leech , Susan Conrad , and Edward Finegan
    (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bolinger, Dwight
    (1972) Degree Words. The Hague: Mouton. doi: 10.1515/9783110877786
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110877786 [Google Scholar]
  10. Boye, Kasper , and Peter Harder
    (2012) A usage-based theory of grammatical status and grammaticalization. Language88: 1-44. doi: 10.1353/lan.2012.0020
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0020 [Google Scholar]
  11. Brautigan, Richard
    (1967) Trout Fishing in AmericaNew York: Dell.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Brems, Lieselotte
    (2004) Measure noun constructions: Degrees of delexicalization and grammaticalization. In Karin Aijmer , and Bengt Altenberg (eds.), Advances in Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp.249-265.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brinton, Laurel
    (2006) Pathways in the development of pragmatic markers in English. In Ans van Kemenade , and Bettelou Los (eds.), The Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.306-334. doi: 10.1002/9780470757048.ch13
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470757048.ch13 [Google Scholar]
  14. (2008) The Comment Clause in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511551789
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551789 [Google Scholar]
  15. Brown, Penelope , and Stephen Levinson
    (1987) PolitenessCambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Burns, Robert
    (1795 [1859]) “A Man’s a Man for a’ that”. The Complete Works of Robert Burns. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Company, p. 302.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Bybee, Joan
    (2003) Mechanisms of change in grammaticalization: The role of frequency. In Brian Joseph , and Richard Janda (eds.), The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.602-623. doi: 10.1002/9780470756393.ch19
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756393.ch19 [Google Scholar]
  18. Carroll, Ruth
    (2007) Lists in letters: NP-lists and general extenders in early English correspondence. In Isabel Moskowich-Spiegel , and Begoña Crespo-García (eds.), Bells Chiming from the Past. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp.37-53.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. (2008) Historical English phraseology and the extender tag. Selim15: 7-37.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Channell, Joanna
    (1994) Vague Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Cheshire, Jenny
    (2007) Discourse variation, grammaticalisation and stuff like that. Journal of Sociolinguistics11: 155-193. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2007.00317.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00317.x [Google Scholar]
  22. Cortés Rodríguez, Luis
    (2006) Los elementos de final de serie enumerativa del tipo ‘y todo eso, o cosas así, y tal etc’: Perspectiva interactiva. Boletín de Lingüística18.26: 102-129.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Denis, Derek
    (2011) Innovators and innovation: Tracking the innovators of and stuff in York English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics17: 61-70.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Degand, Liesbeth , and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen
    (eds.) (2011) Grammaticalization, pragmaticalization and/or (inter)subjectification: Methodological issues for the study of discourse markers. Thematic issue. Linguistics49: 2. doi: 10.1515/ling.2011.008
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2011.008 [Google Scholar]
  25. Dines, Elizabeth
    (1980) Variation in discourse – ‘and stuff like that.’ Language in Society1: 13-31. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500007764
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500007764 [Google Scholar]
  26. Dubois, Sylvie
    (1992) Extension particles, etc. Language Variation and Change4: 179-203. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000740
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000740 [Google Scholar]
  27. Ediger, Anne
    (1995) An analysis of set-marking tags in the English language. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California Los Angeles.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Erman, Britt
    (1995) Grammaticalization in progress: The case of or something . In Inger Moen , Hanne Simonsen , and Helga Lødrup (eds.), Papers from the XVth Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics. Oslo: University of Oslo, Department of Linguistics, pp.136-147.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Evison, Jane , Michael McCarthy , and Anne O’Keeffe
    (2007) ‘Looking out for love and all the rest of it’: Vague category markers as shared social space. In Joan Cutting (ed.), Vague Language Explored. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillanpp.182-197.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Fernandez, Julieta , and Aziz Yuldashev
    (2011) Variation in the use of general extenders and stuff in instant messaging interactions. Journal of Pragmatics43: 2610-2626. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.03.012
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.03.012 [Google Scholar]
  31. Fraser, Bruce
    (1999) What are discourse markers?Journal of Pragmatics31: 931-952 doi: 10.1016/S0378‑2166(98)00101‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00101-5 [Google Scholar]
  32. (2010) Discourse markers. In Louise Cummings (ed.), Encyclopedia of Pragmatics. London: Routledge, pp.125-129.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Ghesquière, Lobke , and Freek Van de Velde
    (2011) A corpus-based account of the development of English such and Dutch zulk: Identification, intensification and (inter)subjectification. Cognitive Linguistics22: 765-797. doi: 10.1515/cogl.2011.028
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2011.028 [Google Scholar]
  34. Goffman, Erving
    (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Grice, H.P
    (1975) Logic and conversation. In Peter Cole , and Jerry Morgan (eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, pp.41-58.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Guthrie, Anna
    (1994) Quotative tense shift in American English authority-encounter narratives. M.A. Thesis, California State University, San Bernadino, California.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Halliday, Michael , and Ruqaiya Hasan
    (1976) Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Hasselgren, Angela
    (2002) Learner corpora and language testing. In Sylviane Granger , Joseph Hung , and Stephanie Petch-Tyson (eds.), Computer Learner Corpora, Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.143-173. doi: 10.1075/lllt.6.11has
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.6.11has [Google Scholar]
  39. Heine, Bernd
    (2003) Grammaticalization. In Brian Joseph , and Richard Janda (eds.), Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.575-601.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Hopper, Paul
    (1991) On some principles of grammaticalization. In Elizabeth Traugott , and Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to Grammaticalization, vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.17-36. doi: 10.1075/tsl.19.1.04hop
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.19.1.04hop [Google Scholar]
  41. (2010) Grammaticalization. In Louise Cummings (ed.), Encyclopedia of Pragmatics. London: Routledge, pp.180-182.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Hopper, Paul , and Elizabeth Traugott
    (2003) Grammaticalization. (2nd edition) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139165525
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165525 [Google Scholar]
  43. Jefferson, Gail
    (1990) List-construction as a task and resource. In George Psathas (ed.), Interaction Competence. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, pp.63-92.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Jucker, Andreas , and Irma Taavitsainen
    (2013) English Historical PragmaticsEdinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Jucker, Andreas , and Yael Ziv
    (eds.) (1998) Discourse Markers: Descriptions and Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi: 10.1075/pbns.57
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.57 [Google Scholar]
  46. Kytö, Merja , and Jonathan Culpeper
    (2006) A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Lakoff, George
    (1972) Hedges: A study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts. Papers from the 8th Regional Meeting of the Chicago linguistic society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.183-228.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Lakoff, Robin
    (1973) The logic of politeness: Or, minding your P’s and Q’s. Papers from the 9th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.292-305.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Lauwereyns, Shizuka
    (2002) Hedges in Japanese conversation: The influence of age, sex and formality. Language Variation and Change14: 239-259. doi: 10.1017/S0954394502142049
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394502142049 [Google Scholar]
  50. Lehman, Christian
    (1993) Theoretical implications of grammaticalization phenomena. In William Foley (ed.), The Role of Theory in Language Description. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp.315-340.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Lerner, Gene
    (1994) Responsive list construction. Language and Social Psychology13: 20-33. doi: 10.1177/0261927X94131002
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X94131002 [Google Scholar]
  52. Levey, Stephen
    (2007) The next generation: Aspects of grammatical variation in the speech of some London preadolescents. Ph.D. Dissertation, Queen Mary University of London.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. (2012) General extenders and grammaticalization: Insights from London preadolescents. Applied Linguistics33: 257-281. doi: 10.1093/applin/ams003
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ams003 [Google Scholar]
  54. Macaulay, Ronald
    (1985) The narrative skills of a Scottish coal miner. In Manfred Görlach (ed.), Focus on: Scotland. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.101-124. doi: 10.1075/veaw.g5.08mac
    https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g5.08mac [Google Scholar]
  55. Meillet, Antoine
    (1912 [1958]) L’évolution des formes grammaticales. InLinguistique Historique et Linguistique Générale. Paris: Champion, pp.130-148. Original publication in Scientia (Rivista di Scienza) 12, 1912.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Nevalainen, Terttu , and Matti Risanen
    (2002) Fairly pretty or pretty fair? On the development and grammaticalization of English downtoners. Language Sciences24: 359-380. doi: 10.1016/S0388‑0001(01)00038‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0388-0001(01)00038-9 [Google Scholar]
  57. Norrby, Catrin , and Joanne Winter
    (2002) Affiliation in adolescents’ use of discourse extenders. In Cynthia Allen (ed.), Proceedings of the 2001 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society. www.als.asn.au
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Nuyts, Jan
    (2001) Epistemic Modality, Language, and Conceptualization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi: 10.1075/hcp.5
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.5 [Google Scholar]
  59. (2012) Notions of (inter)subjectivity. English Text Construction5: 53-76. doi: 10.1075/etc.5.1.04nuy
    https://doi.org/10.1075/etc.5.1.04nuy [Google Scholar]
  60. O’Keeffe, Anne
    (2004) “Like the wise virgins and all that jazz”: Using a corpus to examine vague categorisation and shared knowledge Language and Computers 52: 1-26.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Östman, Jan-Ola
    (1981) You Know: A Discourse-Functional ApproachAmsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi: 10.1075/pb.ii.7
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pb.ii.7 [Google Scholar]
  62. Overstreet, Maryann
    (1999) Whales, Candlelight and Stuff Like That: General Extenders in English Discourse. New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. (2005)  And stuff, und so: Investigating pragmatic expressions in English and German. Journal of Pragmatics37: 1845-1864. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.02.015
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.02.015 [Google Scholar]
  64. (2011) Vagueness and hedging. In Gisle Andersen , and Karin Aijmer (eds.), Pragmatics of Society. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp.293-318.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Overstreet, Maryann , and George Yule
    (1997a) Locally contingent categorization in discourse. Discourse Processes23: 83-97. doi: 10.1080/01638539709544983
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539709544983 [Google Scholar]
  66. Overstreet, Maryann , George Yule
    (1997b) On being inexplicit and stuff in contemporary American English. Journal of English Linguistics25: 250-258. doi: 10.1177/007542429702500307
    https://doi.org/10.1177/007542429702500307 [Google Scholar]
  67. Overstreet, Maryann , and George Yule
    (2001) Formulaic disclaimers. Journal of Pragmatics33: 45-60. doi: 10.1016/S0378‑2166(99)00125‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00125-3 [Google Scholar]
  68. (2002) The metapragmatics of and everything. Journal of pragmatics34: 785-794. doi: 10.1016/S0378‑2166(01)00036‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(01)00036-4 [Google Scholar]
  69. Palacios Martínez, Ignacio
    (2011) ‘I might, I might go I mean it depends on money things and stuff’: A preliminary analysis of general extenders in British teenagers’ discourse. Journal of Pragmatics43: 2452-2470. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.02.011
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.02.011 [Google Scholar]
  70. Parvaresh, Vahid , Manoochehr Tavangar , Abbas Eslami Rasekh , and Dariush Izadi
    (2012) About his friend, how good she is, and this and that: General extenders in native Persian and non-native English discourse. Journal of Pragmatics44: 261-279. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.12.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.12.003 [Google Scholar]
  71. Pichler, Heike , and Stephen Levey
    (2010) Variability in the co-occurrence of discourse features. Language Studies Working Papers2: 17-27.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. (2011) In search of grammaticalization in synchronic dialect data: General extenders in northeast England. English Language and Linguistics15: 441-471. doi: 10.1017/S1360674311000128
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674311000128 [Google Scholar]
  73. Prévost, Sophie
    (2011)  A propos from verbal complement to discourse marker: A case of grammaticalization?In Liesbeth Degand , and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen (eds.), (2011) Grammaticalization, pragmaticalization and/or (inter)subjectification: Methodological issues for the study of discourse markers thematic issue. Linguistics49.2: 391-413. doi: 10.1515/ling.2011.012
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2011.012 [Google Scholar]
  74. Roth-Gordon, Jennifer
    (2007) Youth, slang, and pragmatic expressions: Examples from Brazilian Portuguese. Journal of Sociolinguistics11: 322-345. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2007.00326.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00326.x [Google Scholar]
  75. Ruzaite, Jurate
    (2010) Translation equivalents of vague language items: A study of general extenders in a parallel corpus. Studies about Languages16: 33-38.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Schiffrin, Deborah
    (1987) Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511611841
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611841 [Google Scholar]
  77. Schourup, Lawrence
    (1999) Discourse markers. Lingua107: 227-265. doi: 10.1016/S0024‑3841(96)90026‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3841(96)90026-1 [Google Scholar]
  78. Secova, Maria
    (2011) Discourse-pragmatic features of spoken French: Analysis and pedagogical implications. Ph.D. dissertation, Queen Mary University of London.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Simpson, Rita
    (2004) Stylistic features of academic speech: The role of formulaic expressions. In Ulla Connor , and Thomas Upton (eds.), Discourse in the Professions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.37-64. doi: 10.1075/scl.16.03sim
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.16.03sim [Google Scholar]
  80. Stenström, Anna-Brita , Gisle Andersen , and Ingrid Hasund
    (2002) Trends in Teenage Talk. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi: 10.1075/scl.8
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.8 [Google Scholar]
  81. Stubbe, Maria , and Janet Holmes
    (1995)  You know, eh and other “exasperating expressions”: An analysis of social and stylistic variation in the use of pragmatic devices in a sample of New Zealand English. Language and Communication15: 63-88. doi: 10.1016/0271‑5309(94)00016‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(94)00016-6 [Google Scholar]
  82. Tagliamonte, Sali
    (2011) Variationist Sociolinguistics: Change, Observation, Interpretation. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Tagliamonte, Sali , and Derek Denis
    (2010) The stuff of change: General extenders in Toronto, Canada. Journal of English Linguistics38: 335-368. doi: 10.1177/0075424210367484
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424210367484 [Google Scholar]
  84. Terraschke, Agnes
    (2007) Use of general extenders by German non-native speakers of English. International Review of Applied Linguistics45: 141-160. doi: 10.1515/IRAL.2007.006
    https://doi.org/10.1515/IRAL.2007.006 [Google Scholar]
  85. Terraschke, Agnes , and Janet Holmes
    (2007) “Und tralala”: Vagueness and general extenders in German and New Zealand English. In Joan Cutting (ed.), Vague Language Explored. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, pp.198-220.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Traugott, Elizabeth
    (1982) From propositional to textual and expressive meanings: Some semantic-pragmatic aspects of grammaticalization. In Winfred Lehmann , and Yakov Malkiel (eds.), Perspectives on Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.245-271. doi: 10.1075/cilt.24.09clo
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.24.09clo [Google Scholar]
  87. (2003a) From subjectification to intersubjectification. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.124-139.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. (2003b) Constructions in grammaticalization. In Brian Joseph , and Richard Janda (eds.), The Handbook of Historical LinguisticsOxford: Blackwell, pp.624-647. doi: 10.1002/9780470756393.ch20
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756393.ch20 [Google Scholar]
  89. (2007) (Inter)subjectification and unidirectionality. Journal of Historical Pragmatics8: 295-309. doi: 10.1075/jhp.8.2.07clo
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.8.2.07clo [Google Scholar]
  90. (2010) Revisiting subjectification and intersubjectification. In Kristin Davidse , Lieven Vandelanotte , and Hubert Cuyckens (eds.), Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp.29-70. doi: 10.1515/9783110226102.1.29
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110226102.1.29 [Google Scholar]
  91. Traugott, Elizabeth , and Richard Dasher
    (2002) Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Traugott, Elizabeth , and Bernd Heine
    (eds.) (1991) Approaches to grammaticalization. Volumes I and II.Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi: 10.1075/tsl.19.1
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.19.1 [Google Scholar]
  93. Vincent, Diane , and David Sankoff
    (1992) Punctors: A pragmatic variable. Language Variation and Change4: 205-216. doi: 10.1017/S0954394500000752
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000752 [Google Scholar]
  94. Ward, Gregory , and Betty Birner
    (1993) The semantics and pragmatics of and everything. Journal of Pragmatics19: 205-214. doi: 10.1016/0378‑2166(93)90028‑N
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(93)90028-N [Google Scholar]
  95. Warren, Martin
    (2007) ~/[Oh ] Not a < ^ Lot > }: Discourse intonation and vague language. In Joan Cutting (ed.), Vague Language Explored. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.182-197.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Watts, Richard
    (1989) Taking the pitcher to the ‘well’: Native speakers’ perception of their use of discourse markers in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics13: 203-237. doi: 10.1016/0378‑2166(89)90092‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(89)90092-1 [Google Scholar]
  97. Winter, Joanne , and Catrin Norrby
    (2000) “Set marking tags” and stuff. In John Henderson (ed.), Proceedings of the 1999 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society. www.linguistics.uwa.edu.au/research/als99/proceedings
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Youssef, Valerie
    (1993) Marking solidarity across the Trinidad speech community: The use of an ting in medical counselling to break down power differentials. Discourse and Society4: 291-306. doi: 10.1177/0957926593004003001
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004003001 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/prag.24.1.05ove
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error