1887
Volume 27, Issue 4
  • ISSN 1018-2101
  • E-ISSN: 2406-4238

Abstract

Research on the apology spans over half a century and has been quite prolific. Yet, a major issue with numerous studies on apologies is a lack of findings from naturally occurring interaction. Instead many studies examine written elicitations. As a result they research how respondents think they apologize, not how they do apologize. This project, in contrast, stresses the importance of studying the apology as a dynamically constructed politeness strategy in situated interaction. Apologies are part of the ever-present relational work, i.e., co-constructed and co-negotiated, emergent relationships in a situated social context. Hence, the focus is not on the illocutionary force indicating device (IFID) alone, nor on the turn in which the IFID is produced, but on the interactional exchange in situ.

Naturally, data eliciting produces a larger sample size of apologies than the taping and transcribing of naturally occurring interaction does. To remedy the issue, this study uses interactions from situation comedies, which provide a large sample of apologies in their interactional context. Sitcom interactions constitute a valid focus of pragmatic research as they share fundamental elements of natural interactions ( B. Mills 2009 ; Quaglio 2009 ). The validity of this approach is tested using findings from published conversation analytic studies on apologies. The analysis is set within the framework of discursive pragmatics and leads to new insights on apologies and responses to apologies.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/prag.27.4.04rie
2017-11-03
2024-10-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/prag.27.4.04rie.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1075/prag.27.4.04rie&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Afghari, Akbar
    2007 “A Sociopragmatic Study of Apology Speech Act Realization Patterns in Persian.” Speech Coummunication49: 177–185. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2007.01.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2007.01.003 [Google Scholar]
  2. Al-Surmi, Mansoor
    2012 “Authenticity and TV Shows: A Multidimensional Analysis Perspective.” TESOL Quarterly46: 671–694.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anthony, Mary Grace
    2013 “‘Thank You for Calling’: Accents and Authenticity on NBC’s Outsourced.” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research42: 192–213. doi: 10.1080/17475759.2013.799084
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2013.799084 [Google Scholar]
  4. Barron, Anne
    2009 “Apologies across the U.S.A.” InLanguage in Life and a Life in Language: Jacob Mey – a Festschrift, ed. by Bruce Fraser , and Ken Turner , 9–17. Bringley, UK: Emerald. doi: 10.1163/9789004253209_003
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253209_003 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bednarek, Monika
    2012 “Constructing ‘nerdiness’: Characterisation in The Big Bang Theory.” Multilingua31: 199–229. doi: 10.1515/multi‑2012‑0010
    https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2012-0010 [Google Scholar]
  6. Beebe, Leslie M. , and Martha C. Cummings
    1985 “Speech Act Performance: A Function of the Data Collection Procedure?” Paper presented at theTESOL Convention. New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 1996 “Natural Speech Act Data versus Written Questionnaire Data: How Data Collection Method Affects Speech Act Performance.” InSpeech Acts across Cultures, ed. by Susan M. Gass , and Joyce Neu , 65–86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bella, Spyridoula
    2014 “A Contrastive Study of Apologies Performed by Greek Native Speakers and English Learners of Greek as a Foreign Language.” Pragmatics24: 679–713. doi: 10.1075/prag.24.4.01bel
    https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.4.01bel [Google Scholar]
  9. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana , and Elite Olshtain
    1984 “Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Realization Patterns (CCSARP).” Applied Linguistics5: 196–213. doi: 10.1093/applin/5.3.196
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/5.3.196 [Google Scholar]
  10. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana , Juliane House , and Gabriele Kasper
    (eds) 1989aCross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Advances in Discourse Processes XXXI. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana House , and Gabriele Kasper
    1989b “Investigating Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: An Introductory Overview.” InCross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka , Juliane House , and Gabriele Kasper , 1–34. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bousfield, Derek
    2008Impoliteness in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.167
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.167 [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown, Penelope , and Stephen C. Levinson
    1978 “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena.” InQuestions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction, ed. by Esther Goody , 56–289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 1987Politeness. Some Universals in Language Usage. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Burdelski, Matthew
    2013 “‘I’m sorry, flower’: Socializing Apology, Relationships, and Empathy in Japan.” Pragmatics and Society4: 54–81. doi: 10.1075/ps.4.1.03bur
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.4.1.03bur [Google Scholar]
  16. Cirillo, Letizia , Isabel Colón de Carvajal , and Anna C. Ticca
    2016 “‘I’m Sorry + Naming the Offense’: A Format for Apologizing.” Discourse Processes53: 83–96. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056691
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056691 [Google Scholar]
  17. Cohen, Andrew D. , and Elite Olstain
    1981 “Developing a Measure of Sociocultural Competence: The Case of Apologies.” Language Learning31: 113–134. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1981.tb01375.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1981.tb01375.x [Google Scholar]
  18. Coulmas, Florian
    1981 “Poison to Your Soul. Thanks and Apologies Contrastively Viewed.” InConversational Routine: Exploration in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech, ed. by Florian Coulmas , 69–91. The Hague: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Culpeper, Jonathan
    1996 “Towards an Anatomy of Impoliteness.” Journal of Pragmatics25: 349–367. doi: 10.1016/0378‑2166(95)00014‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(95)00014-3 [Google Scholar]
  20. 2005 “Impoliteness and Entertainment in the Television Quiz Show: The Weakest Link.” Journal of Politeness Research1: 35–72. doi: 10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.35
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.35 [Google Scholar]
  21. 2011Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511975752
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975752 [Google Scholar]
  22. Demeter, Gusztav
    2007 “Role-play as a Data Collection Method for Research on Apology Speech Acts.” Simulation and Gaming38: 83–90. doi: 10.1177/1046878106297880
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878106297880 [Google Scholar]
  23. Drew, Paul , and Alexa Hepburn
    2016 “Absent Apologies.” Discourse Processes53: 114–131. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056690
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056690 [Google Scholar]
  24. Drew, Paul , Alexa Hepburn , Piera Margutti , and Renata Galatolo
    2016 “Introduction to the Special Issue on ‘Apologies in Discourse.’” Discourse Processes53: 1–4. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056689
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056689 [Google Scholar]
  25. Edmondson, William J.
    1981 “On saying you’re sorry”. InConversational Routine: Exploration in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech, ed. by Florian Coulmas , 273–288. The Hague: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Eelen, Gino
    2001A critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Fatigante, Marilena , Federica Biassoni , Francesca Marazzini , and Pierangela Diadori
    2016 “Responsibility and Culpability in Apologies: Distinctive Uses of ‘Sorry’ versus ‘I’m Sorry’ in Apologizing.” Discourse Processes53: 26–46. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056696
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056696 [Google Scholar]
  28. Flores Salgado, Elizabeth
    2011The Pragmatics of Requests and Apologies: Developmental Patterns of Mexican Students. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.212
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.212 [Google Scholar]
  29. Fraser, Bruce
    1981 “On Apologizing.” InConversational Routine: Exploration in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech, ed. by Florian Coulmas , 259–272. The Hague: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 1990 “Perspectives on Politeness.” Journal of Pragmatics14: 219–236. doi: 10.1016/0378‑2166(90)90081‑N
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-N [Google Scholar]
  31. Galatolo, Renata , Biagio Ursi , and Ramona Bongelli
    2016 “Parasitic Apologies.” Discourse Processes53: 97–113. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056694
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056694 [Google Scholar]
  32. Goffman, Erving
    1967Interactional Rituals: Essays on Face-to-face Behavior. New York: Doubleday.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 1971Relations in Public. New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Golato, Andrea
    2003 “Studying Compliment Responses: A Comparison of DCTs and Recordings of Naturally Occurring Talk.” Applied Linguistics24: 90–121. doi: 10.1093/applin/24.1.90
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/24.1.90 [Google Scholar]
  35. Gonzalez-Cruz, Maria-Isabel
    2012 “Apologizing in Spanish: A Study of the Strategies Used by University Students in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.” Pragmatics22: 543–565. doi: 10.1075/prag.22.4.01gon
    https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.22.4.01gon [Google Scholar]
  36. Grice, H. Paul
    1975 “Logic and Conversation.” InSyntax and Semantics, Volume 3: Speech Acts, ed. by Peter Cole , and Jerry L. Morgan , 41–58. New York: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Handelman, Don , and Bruce Kapferer
    1972 “Forms of Joking Activity: A Comparative Approach.” American Anthropologist74: 484–517. doi: 10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00180
    https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00180 [Google Scholar]
  38. Hartford, Beverly , and Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig
    1992 “Experimental and Observational Data in the Study of Interlanguage Pragmatics.” InPragmatics and Language Learning, ed. by Lawrence F. Bouton , and Yamuna Kachru , 303–327. Urbana-Champaign, IL: DEIL.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Haugh, Michael
    2010 “When is an Email Really Offensive?: Argumentativity and Variability in Evaluations of Impoliteness.” Journal of Politeness Research6: 7–31. doi: 10.1515/jplr.2010.002
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2010.002 [Google Scholar]
  40. Heritage, John
    1984Garfinkel Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Heritage, John , and Chase W. Raymond
    2016 “Are Explicit Apologies Proportional to the Offenses they Address?” Discourse Processes53: 5–25. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056695
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056695 [Google Scholar]
  42. Heyd, Theresa
    2010 “How you Guys Doin’? Staged Orality and Emerging Plural Address in the Television Series Friends.” American Speech85: 33–66. doi: 10.1215/00031283‑2010‑002
    https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2010-002 [Google Scholar]
  43. Holmes, Janet
    1989 “Sex Differences and Apologies: One Aspect of Communicative Competence.” Applied Linguistics10: 194–213. doi: 10.1093/applin/10.2.194
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/10.2.194 [Google Scholar]
  44. 1990 “Apologies in New Zealand English.” Language in Society19: 155–199. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500014366
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500014366 [Google Scholar]
  45. 1991 “Review of Blum-Kulka, Shoshana , House, Juliane & Kasper, Gabriele (1989) (eds.) Cross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Advances in Discourse Processes XXXI. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.” Language in Society20: 119–126.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 1998 “Apologies in New Zealand English.” InThe sociolinguistics Reader: Gender and Discourse. Vol.2, ed. by Jenny Cheshire , and Peter Trudgill , 201–239. London: Arnold.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. House, Juliane
    1989 “Oh excuse me please…: Apologizing in a Foreign Language.” InEnglisch als Zweitsprache, ed. by B. Ketteman , P. Bierbaumer , A. Fill , and A. Karpf , 303–327. Tübingen: Narr.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Jefferson, Gail
    2004 “Glossary of Transcript Symbols with an Introduction.” InConversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation, ed. by Gene H. Lerner , 13–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.125.02jef
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.125.02jef [Google Scholar]
  49. Jenks, Christopher J.
    2011Transcribing Talk and Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/z.165
    https://doi.org/10.1075/z.165 [Google Scholar]
  50. Jones, Gerard
    1992Honey, I’m Home! Sitcoms: Selling the American Dream. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Kampf, Zohar , and Shoshana Blum-Kulka
    2007 “Do Children apologize to each other? Apology Events in Young Israeli Peer Discourse.” Journal of Politeness Research3: 11–37. doi: 10.1515/PR.2007.002
    https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2007.002 [Google Scholar]
  52. Kienpointer, Manfred
    1997 “Varieties of Rudeness: Types and Functions of Impolite Utterances.” Function of Language4: 251–287. doi: 10.1075/fol.4.2.05kie
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.4.2.05kie [Google Scholar]
  53. Labben, Afef
    2016 “Reconsidering the Development of the Discourse Completion Test in Interlanguage Pragmatics.” Pragmatics26: 69–91. doi: 10.1075/prag.26.1.04lab
    https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.26.1.04lab [Google Scholar]
  54. Labov, William
    1972Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Lakoff, Robin T.
    1973 “The Logic of Politeness, or Minding your p’s and q’s.” Chicago Linguistic Society9: 292–305.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Lazare, Aaron
    2004On Apology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Leech, Geoffrey
    1983Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 2014The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  59. Locher, Miriam A.
    2004Power and Politeness in Action: Disagreements in Oral Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110926552
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110926552 [Google Scholar]
  60. 2006 “Polite Behavior within Relational Work: The Discursive Approach to Politeness.” Multilingua25: 249–267. doi: 10.1515/MULTI.2006.015
    https://doi.org/10.1515/MULTI.2006.015 [Google Scholar]
  61. 2011 “Situated Impoliteness: The Interface Between Relational Work and Identity Construction.” InSituated Politeness, ed. by Bethan L. Davies , Michael Haugh , and Andrew John Merrison , 187–208. London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 2012 “Politeness Research from Past to Future, with a Special Focus on the Discursive Approach.” InNew Perspectives on (Im)politeness and Interpersonal Communication, ed. by L. Fernández-Amaya , M. d.l.O. Hernández López , R. Gómez Morón , M. Padilla Cruz , M. Mejias Borrero , and M. Relinque Barranca , 36–60. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 2013 “Politeness”. InThe Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ed. by Carol A. Chapelle . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, accessedMarch 2, 2016, doi: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0916
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0916 [Google Scholar]
  64. 2015 “‘After all, the Last Thing I Wanted to Be is Rude’: Raising of Pragmatic Awareness through Reflective Writing.” InTeaching and Learning (Im)politeness, ed. by Barbara Pizziconi , and Miriam A. Locher , 185–209. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9781501501654‑008
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501654-008 [Google Scholar]
  65. Locher, Miriam A. , Brook Bolander , and Nicole Höhn
    2015 “Introducing Relational Work in Facebook and Discussion Boards.” Pragmatics25: 1–21. doi: 10.1075/prag.25.1.01loc
    https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.25.1.01loc [Google Scholar]
  66. Locher, Miriam A. , and Derek Bousfield
    2008 “Introduction: Impoliteness and Power in Language.” InImpoliteness in Language: Studies on Its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice, ed. by Derek Bousfield , and Miriam A. Locher , 1–13. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110208344
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110208344 [Google Scholar]
  67. Locher, Miriam A. , and Sage L. Graham
    2010 “Introduction to Interpersonal Pragmatics.” InInterpersonal Pragmatics, ed. by Miriam A. Locher , and Sage L. Graham , 1–13. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110214338.1.225
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110214338.1.225 [Google Scholar]
  68. Locher, Miriam A. , and Richard J. Watts
    2005 “Politeness Theory and Relational Work.” Journal of Politeness Research1: 9–33. doi: 10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9 [Google Scholar]
  69. 2008 “Relational Work and Impoliteness: Negotiating Norms of Linguistic Behavior.” InImpoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice, ed. by Derek Bousfield , and Miriam A. Locher , 77–99. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110208344
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110208344 [Google Scholar]
  70. Mapson, Rachel
    2014 “Polite Appearances: How Non-manual Features Convey Politeness in British Sign Language.” Journal of Politeness Research10: 157–184. doi: 10.1515/pr‑2014‑0008
    https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2014-0008 [Google Scholar]
  71. Margutti, Piera , Véronique Traverso , and Rosa Pugliese
    2016 “I’m sorry ‘about that’: Apologies, Indexicals, and (Unnamed) Offenses.” Discourse Processes53: 63–82. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056693
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056693 [Google Scholar]
  72. Meier, Ardith J.
    1998 “Apologies: What Do we Know?” International Journal of Applied Linguistics8: 215–231. doi: 10.1111/j.1473‑4192.1998.tb00130.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.1998.tb00130.x [Google Scholar]
  73. Meyerhoff, Miriam
    1999 “Sorry in the Pacific: Defining Communities, Defining Practices.” Language in Society28: 225–239. doi: 10.1017/S0047404599002055
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404599002055 [Google Scholar]
  74. Mills, Brett
    2005Television Sitcom. London: British Film Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 2009 The Sitcom . TV Genres. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. doi: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748637515.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748637515.001.0001
  76. Mills, Sara
    2003Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511615238
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615238 [Google Scholar]
  77. Mintz, Larry
    1985 “Situation comedy.” InTV Genres: A Handbook and Reference Guide, ed. by Brian G. Rose , 107–129. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Murphy, James
    2015 “Revisiting the Apology as a Speech Act: The Case of Parliamentary Apologies.” Journal of Language and Politics14: 175–204. doi: 10.1075/jlp.14.2.01mur
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.14.2.01mur [Google Scholar]
  79. Obeng, Samuel G.
    1999 “Apologies in Akan Discourse.” Journal of Pragmatics31: 709–734. doi: 10.1016/S0378‑2166(98)00089‑7
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00089-7 [Google Scholar]
  80. Ogiermann, Eva
    2009On Apologising in Negative and Positive Politeness Cultures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.191
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.191 [Google Scholar]
  81. 2012 “About Polish politeness.” Linguistic Insights – Studies in Language and Communication132: 27–52.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Okamura, Keiko , and Wei Li
    2000 “The Concept of Self and Apology Strategies in two Cultures.” Journal of Asia Pacific Communication10: 1–24. doi: 10.1075/japc.10.1.02oku
    https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.10.1.02oku [Google Scholar]
  83. Olshtain, Elite
    1989 “Apologies across Languages.” InCross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka , Juliane House , and Gabriele Kasper , 155–174. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Olshtain, Elite , and Andrew D. Cohen
    1983 “Apology: A Speech Act Set.” InSociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, ed. by Nessa Wolfson , and Elliot Judd , 18–35. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Owen, Marion
    1983Apologies and Remedial Interchanges: A Study of Language Use in Social Interaction. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Pino, Marco , Loredana Pozzuoli , Illaria Riccioni , and Valentine Castellarin
    2016 “‘Oh’ + Apology + Solution: A Practice for Managing the Concomitant Presence of a Possible Offense and a Problem-to-be-solved.” Discourse Processes53: 47–62. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056692
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2015.1056692 [Google Scholar]
  87. Quaglio, Paulo
    2009Television Dialogue. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/scl.36
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.36 [Google Scholar]
  88. Raymond, Chase W.
    2013 “Gender and Sexuality in Animated Television Sitcom Interaction.” Discourse & Communication7: 199–220. doi: 10.1177/1750481312472971
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481312472971 [Google Scholar]
  89. Rieger, Caroline L.
    2015 “(Im)politeness and L2 Socialization: Using Reactions from Online Fora to a World Leader’s ‘Impolite’ Behavior.” InTeaching and Learning (Im)politeness, ed. by Barbara Pizziconi , and Miriam A. Locher , 79–111. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9781501501654‑005
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501654-005 [Google Scholar]
  90. Rintell, Ellen M. , and Candace J. Mitchell
    1989 “Studying Requests and Apologies: An Inquiry into Method.” InCross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka , Juliane House , and Gabriele Kasper , 248–272. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Robinson, Jeffrey D.
    2004 “The Sequential Organization of Explicit Apologies in Naturally Occurring English.” Research on Language and Social Interaction37: 291–330. doi: 10.1207/s15327973rlsi3703_2
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi3703_2 [Google Scholar]
  92. Sandu, Roxana
    2013 “Su(m)imasen and gomen nasai: Beyond Apologetic Functions in Japanese.” Pragmatics23: 743–767. doi: 10.1075/prag.23.4.07san
    https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.23.4.07san [Google Scholar]
  93. Schegloff, Emmanuel A. , Gail Jefferson , and Harvey Sacks
    1977 “The Preference for Self-correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation.” Language53: 361–382. doi: 10.1353/lan.1977.0041
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1977.0041 [Google Scholar]
  94. Searle, John
    1969Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139173438
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438 [Google Scholar]
  95. Shariati, Mohammad , and Fariba Chamani
    2010 “Apology Strategies in Persian.” Journal of Pragmatics42: 1689–1699. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2009.10.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.10.007 [Google Scholar]
  96. Staiger, Janet
    2000Blockbuster TV: Must-See Sitcoms in the Network Era. New York: New York University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Stokoe, Elizabeth
    2008 “Dispreferred Actions and Other Interactional Breaches as Devices for Occasioning Audience Laughter in Television ‘Sitcoms’.” Social Semiotics18: 289–307. doi: 10.1080/10350330802217071
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330802217071 [Google Scholar]
  98. Sugimoto, Naomi
    1997 “A Japan-U.S. Comparison of Apology Styles.” Communication Research24: 349–369. doi: 10.1177/009365097024004002
    https://doi.org/10.1177/009365097024004002 [Google Scholar]
  99. Suszczynska, Malgorzata
    1999 “Apologizing in English, Polish and Hungarian: Different Languages, Different Strategies.” Journal of Pragmatics31: 1053–1065. doi: 10.1016/S0378‑2166(99)00047‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00047-8 [Google Scholar]
  100. Trosborg, Anna
    1995Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110885286
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110885286 [Google Scholar]
  101. Vollmer, Helmut J. , and Elite Olshtain
    1989 “The Language of Apologies in German.” InCross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka , Juliane House , and Gabriele Kasper , 197–218. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Walters, F. Scott
    2013 “Interfaces between a Discourse Completion Test and a Conversation Analysis-informed Test of L2 Pragmatic Competence.” InAssessing Second Language Pragmatics, ed. by Steven J. Ross , and Gabriele Kasper , 172–195. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9781137003522.0014
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137003522.0014 [Google Scholar]
  103. Watts, Richard J.
    1989 “Relevance and Relational Work: Linguistic Politeness as Politic Behavior.” Multilingua8: 131–166. doi: 10.1515/mult.1989.8.2‑3.131
    https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.131 [Google Scholar]
  104. 2003Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511615184
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615184 [Google Scholar]
  105. 2005 “Linguistic Politeness Research. Quo vadis?” InPoliteness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice, 2nd edn., ed. by Richard J. Watts , Sachiko Ide , and Konrad Ehlich , xi–xlvii. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783110199819.1.131
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199819.1.131 [Google Scholar]
  106. 2008 “Rudeness, Conceptual Blending Theory and Relational Work.” Journal of Politeness Research4: 289–317. doi: 10.1515/JPLR.2008.014
    https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2008.014 [Google Scholar]
  107. Wickham, Phil
    2007Understanding Television Texts. London: British Film Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Wolfson, Nessa , Thomas Marmor , and Steve Jones
    1989 “Problems in the Comparison of Speech Acts Across Cultures.” InCross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka , Juliane House , and Gabriele Kasper , 174–196. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Wouk, Fay
    2006 “The Language of Apologizing in Lombok, Indonesia.” Journal of Pragmatics38: 1457–1486. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.09.011
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.09.011 [Google Scholar]
  110. Xu, Zhen
    2014 “Contextual Dimensions in Interactional Humour: How Humour is Practiced in Selected American and Chinese Situation Comedies.” Journal of Pragmatics60: 24–35. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.10.009
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.10.009 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/prag.27.4.04rie
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error