Urban environments favorable to radical narratives

References

1. Adam-Troian, Jais, Eric Bonetto, Marcos Araujo, Ouissam Baidada, Elif Celebi, Marcos Dono Martin, Fade Eadeh,
   2019 “Positive Associations between Anomia and Intentions to Engage in Political Violence: Cross-Cultural Evidence from Four Countries.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 10.1037/pac0000385
   https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000385 [Google Scholar]
2. Arbuckle, James L.
   2011 “AMOS (Version 7) [Computer program].” Chicago, IL, SPSS.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Arjona, Ángeles, and Juan Carlos Checa
   2007 “Ubicación Espacial de Los Negocios Étnicos en Almería. ¿Formación de Enclaves Económicos Étnicos? [Space Location of the Ethnic Business in Almería: Formation of Ethnic Economic Enclaves?]” Estudios Geográficos68 (1992): 391–415.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bandura, Albert
   1977 Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Betanzos-Martín, José Manuel, Antonio Echaves-García, Rafael Moya-Alonso, and Clemente J. Navarro-Yáñez
   2018 “La evaluación de las políticas de regeneración urbana: Propuesta metodológica para la delimitación de áreas experimentales y equivalentes [Evaluating Urban Regeneration Policies. Methodological Proposal to Delimitate Experimental and Equivalent Urban Areas].” Revista de Estudios Andaluces36: 147–77. 10.12795/rea.2018.i36
   https://doi.org/10.12795/rea.2018.i36 [Google Scholar]
6. Bélanger, Jocelyn J., Birga M. Schumpe, Bhavna Menon, Joanna Conde Ng, and Noëmie Nociti
   2018 “Self-Sacrifice for a Cause: A Review and an Integrative Model.” InThe SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences: Volume 2. Origins of Personality and Individual Differences, edited byVirgil Zeigler-Hill and Todd K. Shackelford, 466–85. SAGE Publications. 10.4135/9781526451200.n25
   https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526451200.n25 [Google Scholar]
7. Bélanger, Jocelyn J., Manuel Moyano, Hayat Muhamad, Lindsy Richardson, Marc-André Lafrenière, Patrick McCaffery, Karyne Framand, and Noëmie Nociti
   2019 Radicalization Leading To Violence: A Test of the 3N Model. Frontiers in Psychiatry10:42. 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00042
   https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00042 [Google Scholar]
8. Capote, Alberto, and José Antonio Nieto
   2017 “Segregación de la Población Marroquí en los Principales Núcleos Urbanos de Andalucía [Segregation of Moroccan Nationals in Andalucia’s Main Cities].” ContextoXI (14): 23–41.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Castillo, María del Pilar, and Juan Antonio Miralles
   2011 “Soñando Nuestro Barrio. Una Experiencia desde el Trabajo con Barrios y Personas Excluidas [Dreaming Our Neighborhood. An Experience from Working with Neighborhoods and Excluded People].” InActas Del I Congreso Internacional Sobre Migraciones En Andalucía, edited byF. G. García Castaño and N. Kressova, 1903–11. Granda: Instituto de Migraciones.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Castillo, María del Pilar, and Juan Antonio Miralles
    2015 “Dinamización Comunitaria y Exclusión Social [Community Revitalization and Social Exclusion].” Revista de Estudios Urbanos y Ciencias Sociales5 (1): 159–67. www2.ual.es/urbs/index.php/urbs/article/view/169
    [Google Scholar]
11. Cervera, Teresa, and María Pilar Núñez
    2018 “Incidencia de la Animación a la Lectura en la Mejora de la Competencia Escrita: Una Investigación con Alumnado Inmigrante [Incidence of Reading Animation in the Improvement of Written Proficiency: An Investigation with Immigrant Students].” Porta Linguarum30: 177–91. 10.30827/Digibug.54046
    https://doi.org/10.30827/Digibug.54046 [Google Scholar]
12. Checa, Juan Carlos, and Ángeles Arjona
    2005 “Factores que Determinan el Proceso de Exclusión de los Barrios Periféricos: El Caso de El Puche (Almería) [Factors that Determine the Exclusion Process of Peripheral Neighborhoods: The Case of El Puche (Almería)].” Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias SocialesIX (186).
    [Google Scholar]
13. Checa, Juan Carlos, and Ángeles Arjona
    2010 “Satisfacción Residencial en un Contexto de Exclusión Urbana [Residential Satisfaction in a Context of Urban Exclusion].” Psyecology1 (2): 155–71. 10.1174/217119710791175614
    https://doi.org/10.1174/217119710791175614 [Google Scholar]
14. Da Silva, Cristina
    2018 “Historias de Exclusión en el Barrio de El Puche en Almería [Exclusion Stories in the El Puche neighborhood in Almería].” El Salto, March24 2018 https://www.elsaltodiario.com/pobreza/historias-de-exclusion-en-el-barrio-de-el-puche-en-almeria
    [Google Scholar]
15. De la Corte, Luis
    2015 “¿Enclaves Yihadistas? Un Estudio sobre la Presencia y el Riesgo Extremistas en Ceuta y Melilla [Jihadist enclaves? A study on the presence and the extremist risk in Ceuta and Melilla].” Revista de Estudios En Seguridad Internacional1 (2): 1–34. 10.18847/1.2.1
    https://doi.org/10.18847/1.2.1 [Google Scholar]
16. De la Corte, Luis
    2019 “Urban Environments Vulnerable to Jihadist Tadicalization: A Study of Two Spanish Cities in North Africa.” InJihadism, Foreign Fighters and Radicalisation in the European Union: Legal, Functional and Psychosocial Responses, edited byInmaculada Marrero and Humberto Mendoza Trujillo, 64–90. London: Taylor & Francis Group.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Doosje, Bertjan, Fathali M. Moghaddam, Arie W. Kruglanski, Arjan De Wolf, Liesbeth Mann, and Allard R. Feddes
    2016 “Terrorism, Radicalization and de-Radicalization.” Current Opinion in Psychology11: 79–84. 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008 [Google Scholar]
18. Dugas, Michelle, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Manuel Moyano, Birga M. Schumpe, Arie W. Kruglanski, Michele J. Gelfand, Kate Touchton-Leonard, and Noëmie Nociti
    2016 “The Quest for Significance Motivates Self-Sacrifice.” Motivation Science2 (1): 15–32. 10.1037/mot0000030
    https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000030 [Google Scholar]
19. Fajmonová, Veronika, Sophia Moskalenko, and Clark McCauley
    2017 “Tracking Radical Opinions in Polls of U.S. Muslims.” Perspectives on Terrorism11 (2): 36–48.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Gelfand, Michele J., Gary LaFree, Susan Fahey, and Emily Feinberg
    2013 “Culture and Extremism.” Journal of Social Issues69 (3): 495–517. 10.1111/josi.12026
    https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12026 [Google Scholar]
21. González-Sanz, Myriam, and Maria Feliu Torruella
    2015 “Educación Patrimonial e Identidad. El Papel de los Museos en la Generación de Cohesión Social y de Vínculos de Pertenencia a una Comunidad [Heritage and Identity Education. The Role of Museums in the Generation of Social Cohesion and Links of Belonging to a Community].” History and History Teaching41.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Gurr, Ted Robert
    1968 “A Causal Model of Civil Strife: A Comparative Analysis Using New Indices.” The American Political Science Review62 (4): 1104–24. 10.2307/1953907
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1953907 [Google Scholar]
23. Jasko, Katarzyna, Gary LaFree, and Arie Kruglanski
    2017 “Quest for Significance and Violent Extremism: The Case of Domestic Radicalization.” Political Psychology38 (5): 815–31. 10.1111/pops.12376
    https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12376 [Google Scholar]
24. Jasko, Katarzyna, David Webber, Arie W. Kruglanski, Michele Gelfand, Muh Taufiqurrohman, Malkanthi Hettiarachchi, and Rohan Gunaratna
    2019 “Social Context Moderates the Effects of Quest for Significance on Violent Extremism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, July. 10.1037/pspi0000198
    https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000198 [Google Scholar]
25. Kruglanski, Arie, Katarzyna Jasko, David Webber, Marina Chernikova, and Erica Molinario
    2018 “The Making of Violent Extremists.” Review of General Psychology22 (1): 107–20. 10.1037/gpr0000144
    https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000144 [Google Scholar]
26. Kruglanski, Arie W., Jocelyn J. Bélanger, and Rohan Gunaratna
    2019 The Three Pillars of Radicalization: Needs, Narratives, and Networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780190851125.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851125.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
27. Kruglanski, Arie W., Xiaoyan Chen, Mark Dechesne, Shira Fishman, and Edward Orehek
    2009 “Fully Committed: Suicide Bombers’ Motivation and the Quest for Personal Significance.” Political Psychology30 (3): 331–57. 10.1111/j.1467‑9221.2009.00698.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00698.x [Google Scholar]
28. Kruglanski, Arie W., Michele J. Gelfand, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Anna Sheveland, Malkanthi Hetiarachchi, and Rohan Gunaratna
    2014 “The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism.” Political Psychology35 (February): 69–93. 10.1111/pops.12163
    https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163 [Google Scholar]
29. Kruglanski, Arie W., Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Michele Gelfand, Rohan Gunaratna, Malkanthi Hettiarachchi, Fernando Reinares, Edward Orehek, Jo Sasota, and Keren Sharvit
    2013 “Terrorism-a (Self) Love Story: Redirecting the Significance Quest Can End Violence.” The American Psychologist68 (7): 559–75. 10.1037/a0032615
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032615 [Google Scholar]
30. Lobato, Roberto M., Miguel Moya, Manuel Moyano, and Humberto M. Trujillo
    2018 “From Oppression to Violence: The Role of Oppression, Radicalism, Identity, and Cultural Intelligence in Violent Disinhibition.” Frontiers in Psychology9 (1505). 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01505
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01505 [Google Scholar]
31. Lobato, Roberto M., Miguel Moya, and Humberto M. Trujillo
    2020 “Minority- versus Majority-status Group Intentions to Transgress the Law When Oppression Is Perceived.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, June. 10.1111/asap.12207
    https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12207 [Google Scholar]
32. Lobato, Roberto M., Manuel Moyano, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, and Humberto M. Trujillo
    2020 “The Role of Vulnerable Environments in Support for Homegrown Terrorism: Fieldwork Using the 3N Model.” Aggressive Behavior. 10.1002/ab.21933
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21933 [Google Scholar]
33. Lyons-Padilla, Sarah, Michele J. Gelfand, Hedieh Mirahmadi, Mehreen Farooq, and Marieke van Egmond
    2015 “Belonging Nowhere: Marginalization and Radicalization Risk among Muslim Immigrants.” Behavioral Science & Policy1 (2): 1–12. 10.1353/bsp.2015.0019
    https://doi.org/10.1353/bsp.2015.0019 [Google Scholar]
34. Mayor Paredes, Domingo, and Ana María López Medialdea
    2017 “El Aprendizaje-Servicio como Palanca para la Inclusión Educativa y Social [Service-learning as a Lever of Educational and Social Inclusion].” Educação: Temas e Problemas17: 1–20. revistas.uevora.pt/index.php/educacao/article/view/249
    [Google Scholar]
35. McCauley, Clark, and Sophia Moskalenko
    2008 “Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways toward Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence20 (3): 415–33. 10.1080/09546550802073367
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367 [Google Scholar]
36. McCauley, Clark, and Sophia Moskalenko
    2017 “Understanding Political Radicalization: The Two-Pyramids Model.” American Psychologist72 (3): 205–16. 10.1037/amp0000062
    https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000062 [Google Scholar]
37. Ministerio de Fomento
    Ministerio de Fomento 2011a “Área estadística vulnerable de El Puche [Vulnerable Statistical Area of El Puche].” Gobierno de España. https://apps.fomento.gob.es/BarriosVulnerables/static/fe/IBVU_ESTADISTICA_2011_04013005.pdf
38. Ministerio de Fomento
    Ministerio de Fomento 2011b “Indicadores de inmigración de El Puche [Immigration Indicators of El Puche].” Gobierno de España. https://apps.fomento.gob.es/BarriosVulnerables/static/fe/INMIGRACI%C3%93N_ESTAD%C3%8DSTICA_2011_4013001.pdf
39. Ministerio del Interior
    Ministerio del Interior 2020 “La Policía Nacional detiene en Almería a uno de los Foreign Terrorist Fighters de DAESH más buscados de Europa [The National Police detain one of the most wanted DAESH Foreign Terrorist Fighters in Europe in Almería].” www.interior.gob.es/web/interior/
40. Mooijman, Marlon, Joe Hoover, Ying Lin, Heng Ji, and Morteza Dehghani
    2018 “Moralization in Social Networks and the Emergence of Violence during Protests.” Nature Human Behaviour2 (6): 389–96. 10.1038/s41562‑018‑0353‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0353-0 [Google Scholar]
41. Moyano, Manuel
    2011 “Factores psicosociales contribuyentes a la radicalización islamista de jóvenes en España. Construcción de un instrumento de evaluación [Psychosocial Factors Contributing to the Islamist Radicalization of Young People in Spain. Construction of an Evaluation Instrument].” Granada: Universidad de Granada.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Moyano, Manuel, and Humberto Mendoza Trujillo
    2014 “Evaluación del Riesgo de Radicalización Islamista en Cuatro Contextos de Interés Estratégico para España [Risk assessment of Islamist radicalization in four contexts of strategic interest to Spain].” InEstudios en Inteligencia. Respuestas para la Gobernanza Democrática, edited byF. Velasco and R. Arcos. Ministerio de la Presidencia (Gobierno de España) y Ed. Plaza y Valdés.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Ortiz, Rosa
    2016 “El Puche, la Lucha contra el Estigma de Ser el Barrio Más Conflictivo [El Puche, the fight against the stigma of being the most conflictive neighborhood].” La Voz de Almería, January31 2016 https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/99407/el-puche-la-lucha-contra-el-estigma-de-ser-el-barrio-mas-conflictivo
    [Google Scholar]
44. Pajarón, Javier
    2019a “Muere en el Hospital el Varón Torturado en la Casa de El Puche [The Tortured Man in the House of El Puche dies in the Hospital].” La Voz de Almería, May21. https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/172301/muere-en-el-hospital-el-varon-torturado-en-la-casa-de-el-puche
    [Google Scholar]
45. Pajarón, Javier
    2019b “La Marihuana en Almería es una Industria, Está en Todas Partes [Marijuana in Almería is an Industry, It’s Everywhere].” La Voz de Almería, June25. https://www.lavozdealmeria.com/noticia/12/almeria/174193/la-marihuana-en-almeria-es-una-industria-esta-en-todas-partes
    [Google Scholar]
46. Pérez, R.
    2019 “Vecinos de El Puche de Almería disparan con balines al conductor del camión de la basura [Neighbors of El Puche in Almería shoot the garbage truck driver with pellets].” ABC, July22.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Preacher, Kristopher J., & Andrew F. Hayes
    2008 “Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.” Behavior research methods40 (3): 879–891. 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879 [Google Scholar]
48. Ranstorp, Magnus, Linus Gustafsson, and Peder Hyllengren
    2015 “From the Welfare State to the Caliphate: How a Swedish Suburb Became a Breeding Ground for Foreign Fighters Streaming into Syria and Iraq.” Foreign Policy, February23. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/23/from_the_welfare_state_to_the_caliphate_sweden_islamic_state_syria_iraq_foreign_fighters/
    [Google Scholar]
49. Schumpe, B. M., Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Mauro Giacomantonio, Claudia F. Nisa, and Ambra Brizi
    2018 “Weapons of peace: providing alternative means for social change reduces political violence.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology48 (10): 549–558. 10.1111/jasp.12546
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12546 [Google Scholar]
50. Schumpe, Birga M., Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Manuel Moyano, and Claudia F. Nisa
    2018 “The Role of Sensation Seeking in Political Violence: An Extension of the Significance Quest Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology118 (4): 743–61. 10.1037/pspp0000223
    https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000223 [Google Scholar]
51. Soufan, Ali, and Daniel Schoenfeld
    2015 “Regional Hotbeds as Drivers of Radicalization.” InJihadist Hotbeds: Understanding Local Radicalization Processes, edited byArturo Varvelli. Milano: Edizioni Epoké. 10.19201/ispijihadisthotbeds
    https://doi.org/10.19201/ispijihadisthotbeds [Google Scholar]
52. Speckhard, Anne
    2010 “Contextual and Motivational Factors in the Pathways to Radicalization: Why Location Matters.” InProtecting the Homeland from International and Domestic Terrorism Threats: Current Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives on Root Causes, the Role of Ideology, and Programs for Counter-Radicalization and Disengagement, edited byL. Fenstermacher, L. Kuznar, & A. Speckhard, 100–103. Washington, D.C.: Strategic Multilayer Assessment Program, Office of the Director, Defense Research and Engineering and Air Force Research Lab.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Stares, Paul B., and Mona Yacoubian
    2006 “Unconventional Approaches to an Unconventional Threat: A Counter-Epidemic Strategy.” InMapping the Jihadist Threat: The War on Terror since 9/11. A Report of the Aspen Strategy Group, edited byK. M. Campbell and W. Darsie, 85–95. Queenstown, MD: The Aspen Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Swann, William B., Angel Gómez, D. Conor Seyle, J. Francisco Morales, and Carmen Huici
    2009 “Identity Fusion: The Interplay of Personal and Social Identities in Extreme Group Behavior.” Journal of Personality & Social Psychology96 (5): 995–1011. 10.1037/a0013668
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013668 [Google Scholar]
55. Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner
    1979 “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” InThe Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited byWilliam G. Austin and Stephen Worchel, 33–47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
    [Google Scholar]
56. Tres Culturas
    Tres Culturas 2019 “El Puche Tres Culturas un Solo Barrio.” https://www.yumpu.com/es/document/read/38129257/el-puche-tres-culturas-un-solo-barrio-la-ciudad-viva
57. Victoroff, Jeff
    2005 “The Mind of the Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches.” Journal of Conflict Resolution49 (1): 3–42. 10.1177/0022002704272040
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704272040 [Google Scholar]
58. Vlierden, Guy Van
    2016 “Molenbeek and beyond. The Brussels-Antwerp Axis as Hotbed of Belgian Jihad.” InJihadist Hotbeds: Understanding Local Radicalization Processes, edited byArturo Varvelli. Milano: Edizioni Epoké. 10.19201/ispijihadisthotbeds
    https://doi.org/10.19201/ispijihadisthotbeds [Google Scholar]
59. Ward, Tony
    1987 “Design Archetypes from Group Processes.” Design Studies8 (3): 157–69. 10.1016/0142‑694X(87)90038‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-694X(87)90038-X [Google Scholar]
60. Webber, David, Maxim Babush, Noa Schori-Eyal, Anna Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, Malkanthi Hettiarachchi, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Manuel Moyano,
    2017 “The Road to Extremism: Field and Experimental Evidence That Significance Loss-Induced Need for Closure Fosters Radicalization.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology114 (2): 270–85. 10.1037/pspi0000111
    https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000111 [Google Scholar]
61. Webber, David, and Arie W. Kruglanski
    2017 “Psychological Factors in Radicalization: A ‘3N’ Approach.” InThe Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism, edited byGary LaFree and Joshua Freilic, 33–46. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. 10.1002/9781118923986.ch2
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118923986.ch2 [Google Scholar]