1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Pragmatics and Society
  4. Volume 8, Issue 4
  5. Article
Volume 8, Issue 4
  • ISSN 1878-9714
  • E-ISSN: 1878-9722
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

This article investigates linguistic metaphors in four English newspapers from the perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, focusing on their variations at the macro-contextual level. Analyzed in their respective macro contexts were lexicalized and non-lexicalized metaphors in 1,105 full-length news stories. The exploration reveals that: (i) the distributions of non-lexicalized metaphors are far more variable than those of lexicalized metaphors across the four newspapers, (ii) lexicalized metaphors are much more common than non-lexicalized metaphors in all the four newspapers, (iii) non-lexicalized metaphors occur more in the news stories for native speakers than in those for international or global readers, with a decreasing tendency toward those for EOL and EFL readers, and (iv) the lexicalized and non-lexicalized metaphors both have cognitive functions, while the latter serve additional stylistic purposes. The study sheds some light on the affordance between linguistic metaphors and the macro contexts of the news stories.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ps.8.4.02shi
2018-01-19
2023-09-26

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/ps.8.4.02shi
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Benczes, Réka
    2006 Creative compounding in English: The semantics of metaphorical and metonymical noun-noun combinations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/hcp.19
     https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.19 [Google Scholar]
  2. Bowdle, Brian F. & Dedre Gentner
    2005 The career of metaphor. Psychological Review112 (1): 193–216. doi: 10.1037/0033‑295X.112.1.193
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.193 [Google Scholar]
  3. Brinton, Laurel J. & Elizabeth Closs Traugott
    2005 Lexicalization and language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511615962
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615962 [Google Scholar]
  4. Cameron, Lynn
    2003 Metaphor in educational discourse. London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Capone, Alessandro
    2010 Introduction. Journal of Pragmatics42 (11): 2861–2869. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.06.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.06.006 [Google Scholar]
  6. Charteris-Black, Jonathan
    2002) Second language figurative proficiency: a comparative study of Malay and English. Applied Linguistics23 (1): 104–133. doi: 10.1093/applin/23.1.104
     https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/23.1.104 [Google Scholar]
  7. 2003 Speaking with forked tongue: A comparative study of metaphor and metonymy in English and Malay phraseology. Metaphor and Symbol18 (4): 289–310. doi: 10.1207/S15327868MS1804_5
     https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1804_5 [Google Scholar]
  8. 2004 Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230000612
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230000612 [Google Scholar]
  9. Christmanna, Ursula , Lena Wimmera & Nobert Groebenb
    2011 The aesthetic paradox in processing conventional and non-conventional metaphors. Scientific Study of Literature1 (2): 199–240. doi: 10.1075/ssol.1.2.03chr
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ssol.1.2.03chr [Google Scholar]
  10. Danesi, Marcel
    1992 Metaphorical competence in second language acquisition research and language teaching: The neglected dimension. In J. Alatis (Ed.), Georgetown University Round Table On Languages And Linguistics (pp.489–500). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Deignan, Alice
    2003 Metaphorical expressions and culture: An indirect link. Metaphor and Symbol18 (4), 255–271. doi: 10.1207/S15327868MS1804_3
     https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1804_3 [Google Scholar]
  12. 2008 Corpus linguistic data and conceptual metaphor theory. In M. S. Zanotto , L. Cameron , & M. C. Cavalcanti (Eds.), Confronting metaphor in use: An applied linguistic approach (pp.149–162). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.173.10dei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.173.10dei [Google Scholar]
  13. Gibbs, Ray W.
    1994 The poetics of mind: Figurative thought, language, and understanding. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. 1999) Taking metaphor out of our heads and putting it into the cultural world. In R. W. Gibbs & G. J. Steen (Eds.), Metaphor in cognitive linguistics (pp.145–166). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.175.09gib
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.175.09gib [Google Scholar]
  15. 2011) Evaluating conceptual metaphor theory. Discourse Processes, 48: 529–562. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2011.606103
     https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2011.606103 [Google Scholar]
  16. Grady, Joseph
    1997 THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS revisited. Cognitive Linguistics8 (4): 267–290. doi: 10.1515/cogl.1997.8.4.267
     https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1997.8.4.267 [Google Scholar]
  17. Grimes, William
    2013 The New York Times: The times of the eighties: The Culture, politics, and personalities that shaped the decade. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Johnson, Mark
    1987 The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination and reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  19. Kachru, Braj B.
    1985) Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk & H. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world (pp.11–32). London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Kecskes, Istvan
    2007 Formulaic language in English Lingua Franca. In I. Kecskes & L. R. Horn (Eds.), Explorations in pragmatics: Linguistic, cognitive and intercultural aspects (pp.191–218). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Kövecses, Zoltán
    2002 Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 2005) Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511614408
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614408 [Google Scholar]
  23. 2010) A new look at metaphorical creativity in cognitive linguistics. Cognitive Linguistics21 (4), 663–697. doi: 10.1515/cogl.2010.021
     https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2010.021 [Google Scholar]
  24. 2015) Where metaphors come from: Reconsidering context in metaphor. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190224868.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190224868.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  25. Lakoff, George
    1987 Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226471013.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226471013.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  26. 1993 The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed.). pp.202–251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139173865.013
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.013 [Google Scholar]
  27. Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson
    1980 Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 1999 Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. New York: Basic Books.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Lakoff, George & Mark Turner
    1989 More than cool reason: A field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  30. Littlemore, Jeannette
    2003 The effect of cultural background on metaphor interpretation. Metaphor and Symbol18 (4): 273–288. doi: 10.1207/S15327868MS1804_4
     https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1804_4 [Google Scholar]
  31. 2004 The misinterpretation of metaphors by international students at a British university: Examples, implications, and possible remedies. Humanising Language Teaching6 (3). RetrievedFebruary 6, 2015, fromwww.hltmag.co.uk/sept04/sart6.htm
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Littlemore, Jeannette , Phyllis T. Chen , Almut Koester & John Barnden
    2011 Difficulties in metaphor comprehension faced by international students whose first language is not English. Applied Linguistics32: 408–429. doi: 10.1093/applin/amr009
     https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amr009 [Google Scholar]
  33. Littlemore, Jeannette & Graham Low
    2006 Metaphoric competence, second language learning and communicative language ability. Applied Linguistics27 (2): 268–294. doi: 10.1093/applin/aml004
     https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml004 [Google Scholar]
  34. O’Neill-Brown, Patricia
    1999 When agents meet cross-cultural metaphor: Can they be equipped to parse and generate it?In C. L. Nehaniv (Ed.), Computation for Metaphors, Analogy, and Agents (pp.165–175). Berlin: Springer. doi: 10.1007/3‑540‑48834‑0_10
     https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48834-0_10 [Google Scholar]
  35. Paprotté, Wolf , & René Dirven
    (Eds.) 1985 The ubiquity of metaphor: Metaphor in language and thought. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.29
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.29
  36. Pragglejaz Group
    Pragglejaz Group 2007 MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol22 (1): 1–39. doi: 10.1080/10926480709336752
     https://doi.org/10.1080/10926480709336752 [Google Scholar]
  37. Rainer, Franz , Wolfgang U. Dressler , Francesco Gardani & Hans Christian Luschützky
    2014 Morphology and meaning: An overview. In F. Rainer , F. Gardani , H. C. Luschützky & W. U. Dressler (Eds.), Morphology and meaning (pp.3–46). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/cilt.327.02rai
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.327.02rai [Google Scholar]
  38. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco J. , & Lorena Pérez Hernández
    2011 The contemporary theory of metaphor: Myths, developments and challenges. Metaphor and Symbol26 (3): 161–185. doi: 10.1080/10926488.2011.583189
     https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2011.583189 [Google Scholar]
  39. Shie, Jian-Shiung
    2011 Metaphors and metonymies in New York Times and Times Supplement news headlines. Journal of Pragmatics43 (5): 1318–1334. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.10.026
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.10.026 [Google Scholar]
  40. 2012 The alignment of generic discourse units in news stories. Text & Talk32 (5): 661–679. doi: 10.1515/text‑2012‑0031
     https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2012-0031 [Google Scholar]
  41. Shie, Jian-Shiung & Chang, J. -F.
    (in press). Linguistic materiality and conceptual metaphoricity in English picture books for children. In M. -Y. Tseng Ed. Language as material. Kaohsiung, Taiwan: Center for the Humanities, National Sun Yat-sen University.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Steen, Gerard , Aletta Dorst , J. Berenike Herrmann , Anna Kaal , Tina Krennmayr & Trijntje Pasma
    2010a A method for linguistic metaphor identification: From MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/celcr.14
     https://doi.org/10.1075/celcr.14 [Google Scholar]
  43. 2010b Metaphor in usage. Cognitive Linguistics21 (4): 765–796. doi: 10.1515/cogl.2010.024
     https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2010.024 [Google Scholar]
  44. Stefanowitsch, Anatol
    2005 The function of metaphor: Developing a corpus-based perspective. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics10 (2): 161–198. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.10.2.03ste
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.10.2.03ste [Google Scholar]
  45. Svanlund, Jan
    2007 Metaphor and convention. Cognitive Linguistics18 (1): 47–89. doi: 10.1515/COG.2007.003
     https://doi.org/10.1515/COG.2007.003 [Google Scholar]
  46. Turner, Mark
    1991 Reading minds: The study of English in the age of cognitive science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Woodhams, Jay M.
    2014 ‘We’re the nurses’: Metaphor in the discourse of workplace socialization. Language & Communication, 34:56–68. doi: 10.1016/j.langcom.2013.08.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2013.08.005 [Google Scholar]
  48. Watson, Gregory
    1999 Evidentiality and affect: A quantitative approach. Language and Literature, 8 (3), 217–240. doi: 10.1177/096394709900800302
     https://doi.org/10.1177/096394709900800302 [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/ps.8.4.02shi
Loading
Variations in the use of metaphor at the macro-contextual level
Pragmatics and Society 8, 498 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.4.02shi
/content/journals/10.1075/ps.8.4.02shi
/content/journals/10.1075/ps.8.4.02shi
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): conceptual metaphors; English newspapers; linguistic metaphors; macro contexts; news stories

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error