1887
Volume 18, Issue 2
  • ISSN 1877-9751
  • E-ISSN: 1877-976X

Abstract

Abstract

This paper reports two case studies of sound symbolism using the naturalistic name corpora of characters from Disney and Pokémon. Building upon previous studies of sound symbolism, we tested two hypotheses: (1) voiced obstruents, which are generally associated with negative images, are favored in villainous characters’ names, while (2) bilabial consonants, which are symbolically associated with cuteness, are disfavored in such names. The results show that these tendencies hold in our corpora, suggesting that a concept that is as complex as “villain” can be signaled via sound symbolism. Theoretical implications for cognitive linguistics based on our results are discussed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/rcl.00066.uno
2020-12-04
2025-01-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Alexander, R. D.
    (1987) The biology of moral systems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Auracher, J.
    (2017) Sound iconicity of abstract concepts: Place of articulation is implicitly associated with abstract concepts of size and social dominance. PlosONE, 12(11), e0187196. 10.1371/journal.pone.0187196
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187196 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bergen, B. K.
    (2004) The psychological reality of phonesthemes. Language, 80, 290–311. 10.1353/lan.2004.0056
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0056 [Google Scholar]
  4. Berlin, B.
    (1994) Evidence for pervasive synesthetic sound symbolism in ethnozoological nomenclature. InL. Hinton, J. Nicols & J. Ohala (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp.76–103). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. (2006) The first congress of ethonozoological nomenclature. Journal of Royal Anthropological Institution, 12, 23–44. 10.1111/j.1467‑9655.2006.00271.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00271.x [Google Scholar]
  6. Boehm, C.
    (2012) Moral origins: The evolution of virtue, altruism, and shame. New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Brown, R., & Ford, M.
    (1961) Address in American English. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 375–385. 10.1037/h0042862
    https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042862 [Google Scholar]
  8. Cassidy, K. W., Kelly, M. H., & Sharoni, L. J.
    (1999) Inferring gender from name phonology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 362–381. 10.1037/0096‑3445.128.3.362
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.362 [Google Scholar]
  9. Cutler, A., McQueen, J., & Robinson, K.
    (1990) Elizabeth and John: Sound patterns of men’s and women’s names. Journal of Linguistics, 26, 471–482. 10.1017/S0022226700014754
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700014754 [Google Scholar]
  10. Crisinel, A.-S., & Spence, C.
    (2009) Implicit association between basic tastes and pitch. Neuroscience Letters464, 39–42. 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.016
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.016 [Google Scholar]
  11. Dingemanse, M., Blasi, D. E., Lupyan, G., Christiansen, M. H., & Monaghan, P.
    (2015) Arbitrariness, iconicity and systematicity in language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(10), 603–615. 10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.013
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.013 [Google Scholar]
  12. D’Onofrio, A.
    (2014) Phonetic detail and dimensionality in sound-shape correspondences: Refining the bouba-kiki paradigm. Language and Speech, 57, 367–393. 10.1177/0023830913507694
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830913507694 [Google Scholar]
  13. Fuchs, S., Savin, E., Solt, S., Ebert, C., & Krifca, M.
    (2019) Antonym adjective pairs and prosodic iconicity: Evidence from letter replications in an English blogger corpus. Linguistic Vanguard, 1–15.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Godoy, M. C., Filho, N. S. S., Souza, J. G. M., Alves, H., & Kawahara, S.
    (2019) Gotta name them all: an experimental study on the sound symbolism of Pokémon names in Brazilian Portuguese. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 10.1007/s10936‑019‑09679‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-019-09679-2 [Google Scholar]
  15. Haiman, J.
    (1980) The iconicity of grammar: Isomorphism and motivation. Language, 56(3), 515–540. 10.2307/414448
    https://doi.org/10.2307/414448 [Google Scholar]
  16. (Ed.) (1985) Iconicity in syntax. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.6
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.6 [Google Scholar]
  17. Hamano, S.
    (1986) The sound-symbolic system of Japanese (Doctoral dissertation). University of Florida.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Hayes, B., & Steriade, D.
    (2004) Introduction: The phonetic bases of phonological markedness. InB. Hayes, R. Kirchner, & D. Steriade (Eds.), Phonetically based phonology (pp.1–33). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486401.001
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486401.001 [Google Scholar]
  19. Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J.
    (2006) Sound symbolism (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Hockett, C.
    (1959) Animal “languages” and human language. Human Biology, 31, 32–39.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Iwasaki, N., Vinson, D. P., & Vigiliocco, G.
    (2007) What do English speakers know about gera-gera and yota-yota? A cross-linguistic investigation of mimetic words for laughing and walking. Japanese Language Education Around the Globe, 17, 53–78.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Jaeger, J. J.
    (1978) Speech aerodynamics and phonological universals. InJ. Jaeger, A. Woodbury, F. Ackerman, C. Chiavello, O. Gensler, J. Kingston & K. Whistler (Eds.), Proceedings of Berkeley linguistic society 4 (pp.311–325). Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Jakobson, R.
    (1968) Child language, aphasia and phonological universals. (A. Keiler, Trans.). The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. (Original work published 1941) 10.1515/9783111353562
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111353562 [Google Scholar]
  24. (1969) Why “mama” and “papa”?InR. Jakobson (Ed.), Selected writings, vol 1: Phonological studies. The Hague & Paris: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Jespersen, O.
    (1922) Symbolic value of the vowel i. InPhonologica. selected papers in English, French and German (Vol.1) (pp.283–303). Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Johnson, M.
    (1987) The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10.7208/chicago/9780226177847.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226177847.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  27. Jurafsky, D.
    (2014) The language of food: A linguist reads the menu. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kawahara, S.
    (2017) Introducing phonetics through sound symbolism. Tokyo: Hitsuji Syobo.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. (2020) Sound symbolism and theoretical phonology. Language and Linguistic Compass. 10.1111/lnc3.12372
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12372 [Google Scholar]
  30. Kawahara, S. & Breiss, C.
    (2020) Exploring the nature of cumulativitity through sound symbolism: Experimental studies of Pokémonastics with English speakers. Manuscript, Keio Unviersity and UCLA.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Kawahara, S., Isobe, M., Kobayashi, Y., Monou, T., & Okabe, R.
    (2018a) Acquisition of sound symbolic values of vowels and voiced obstruents by Japanese children: Using a Pokémonastics paradigm. Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan, 22, 122–130.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kawahara, S., & Kumagai, G.
    (2019a) Expressing evolution in Pokémon names: Experimental explorations. Journal of Japanese Linguistics, 35(1), 2–38. 10.1515/jjl‑2019‑2002
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2019-2002 [Google Scholar]
  33. Kawahara, S. and Kumagai, G.
    (2019b) Inferring Pokémon types using sound symbolism: The effects of voicing and labiality. Journal of Phonetic Society of Japan, 23(2), 111–116.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Kawahara, S., Noto, A., & Kumagai, G.
    (2018b) Sound symbolic patterns in Pokémon names. Phonetica, 75(3), 481–522. 10.1159/000484938
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000484938 [Google Scholar]
  35. Kawahara, S. & Moore, J.
    (2021) How to express evolution in English Pokémon names. Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Kawahara, S., & Shinohara, K.
    (2012) A tripartite trans-modal relationship between sounds, shapes and emotions: A case of abrupt modulation. The proceedings of the 34th annual meeting of cognitive science society, 569–574.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Kawahara, S., Shinohara, K., & Grady, J.
    (2015) Iconic inferences about personality: From sounds and shapes. InM. Hiraga, W. Herlofsky, K. Shinohara & K. Akita (Eds.), Iconicity: East meets west (pp.57–69). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Kawahara, S., Shinohara, K., & Uchimoto, Y.
    (2008) A positional effect in sound symbolism: An experimental study. Proceedings of the Japan Cognitive Linguistics association, 8, 417–427.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Köhler, W.
    (1947) Gestalt psychology: An introduction to new concepts in modern psychology. New York: Liveright.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Kubozono, H.
    (1999) Nihongo-no onsei: Gendai gengogaku nyuumon 2 [Japanese phonetics: An introduction to modern linguistics 2]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. (In Japanese)
  41. Kumagai, G.
    (2019) A sound-symbolic alternation to express cuteness and the orthographic Lyman’s Law in Japanese. Journal of Japanese Linguistics, 35(1). 39–74. 10.1515/jjl‑2019‑2004
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2019-2004 [Google Scholar]
  42. Kumagai, G., & Kawahara, S.
    (2019) Effects of vowels and voiced obstruents on Pokémon names: Experimental and theoretical approaches [in Japanese]. Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan, 155. 65–99.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. (2020) How abstract is sound symbolism? Labiality and diaper names in Japanese [in Japanese]. Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan, 157.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M.
    (1980) Metaphors we live by. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. (1999) Philosophy in the flesh. New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Langacker, R. W.
    (1987) Foundations of cognitive grammar: Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. (1991) Foundations of cognitive grammar: Descriptive application. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. (2008) Cognitive grammar: A basic introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  49. Levinson, S. C.
    (1997) Language and cognition: The cognitive consequences of spatial description in Guugu Yimithirr. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 7, 98–131. 10.1525/jlin.1997.7.1.98
    https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1997.7.1.98 [Google Scholar]
  50. Lindauer, S. M.
    (1990) The meanings of the physiognomic stimuli taketa and maluma. Bulletin of Psychonomic Society, 28(1), 47–50. 10.3758/BF03337645
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03337645 [Google Scholar]
  51. Lockwood, G., & Dingemanse, M.
    (2015) Iconicity in the lab: A review of behavioral, developmental, and neuroimaging research into sound-symbolism. Frontiers in Psychology. doi:  10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01246
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01246 [Google Scholar]
  52. Lupyan, G., & Winter, B.
    (2018) Language is more abstract than you think, or, why aren’t languages more iconic?Proceedings of Royal Society B, 373, 20170137.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. MacNeilage, P. F., Davis, B. L., & Matyear, C. L.
    (1997) Babbling and first words: Phonetic similarities and differences. Speech Communication, 22(2–3), 269–277. 10.1016/S0167‑6393(97)00022‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6393(97)00022-8 [Google Scholar]
  54. Maurer, D., Pathman, T., & Mondloch, C. J.
    (2006) The shape of boubas: Sound-shape correspondences in toddlers and adults. Developmental Science, 9, 316–322. 10.1111/j.1467‑7687.2006.00495.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00495.x [Google Scholar]
  55. Marks, L.
    (1978) The unity of the senses: Interrelations among the modalities. New York: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Miyakoda, H., & Oshita, M.
    (2019) Sound symbolism and its effect in character’s names: A study on consonants. Proceedings of the 19th international congress of phonetic sciences, 2134–2138.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Murdock, G. P.
    (1959) Cross-language parallels in parental kin terms. Anthropological Linguistics, 1, 1–5.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Newman, S.
    (1933) Further experiments on phonetic symbolism. American Journal of Psychology 45, 53–75. 10.2307/1414186
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1414186 [Google Scholar]
  59. Nobile, L.
    (2015) Phonemes as images: An experimental inquiry into shape-sound symbolism applied to the distinctive features of French. InM. Hiraga, W. Herlofsky, K. Shinohara & K. Akita (Eds.), Iconicity: East meets west (pp.71–91). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Ohala, J. J.
    (1983) The origin of sound patterns in vocal tract constraints. InP. MacNeilage (Ed.), The production of speech (pp.189–216). New York: Springer-Verlag. 10.1007/978‑1‑4613‑8202‑7_9
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8202-7_9 [Google Scholar]
  61. (1994) The frequency code underlies the sound symbolic use of voice pitch. InL. Hinton, J. Nichols & J. J. Ohala (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp.325–347). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Ota, M.
    (2015) L1 phonology: phonological development. InH. Kubozono (Ed.), The handbook of Japanese language and linguistics: Phonetics and phonology (pp.681–717). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9781614511984.681
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614511984.681 [Google Scholar]
  63. Perniss, P., Thompson, R. L., & Vigiliocco, G.
    (2010) Iconicity as a general property of language: Evidence from spoken and signed languages. Frontiers in Psychology. doi:  10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00227
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00227 [Google Scholar]
  64. Perniss, P., & Vigiliocco, G.
    (2014) The bridge of iconicity: From a world of experience to the experiment of language. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130300. 10.1098/rstb.2014.0179
    https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0179 [Google Scholar]
  65. Proctor, M. I., Shadle, C. H., & Iskarous, K.
    (2010) Pharyngeal articulation differences in voiced and voiceless fricatives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(3), 1507–1518. 10.1121/1.3299199
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3299199 [Google Scholar]
  66. Pukui, M. K., & Elbert, E. M.
    (1979) Hawaiian grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Ramachandran, V. S., & Hubbard, E. M.
    (2001) Synesthesia–a window into perception, thought, and language. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8, 3–34.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Sapir, E.
    (1929) A study in phonetic symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 225–239. 10.1037/h0070931
    https://doi.org/10.1037/h0070931 [Google Scholar]
  69. Saussure, F.
    (1916/1972) Course in general linguistics. Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Shih, S. S., Ackerman, J., Hermalin, N., Inkelas, S., & Kavitskaya, D.
    (2018) Pokémonikers: A study of sound symbolism and Pokémon names. Proceedings of Linguistic Society of America 2018, 3(42), 1–6.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Shih, S. S., Ackerman, J., Hermalin, N., Inkelas, S., Jang, H., Johnson, J., Kavitskaya, D., Kawahara, S., Oh, M., Starr, R. L., & Yu
    (2019) Cross-linguistic and language-specific sound symbolism: Pokémonastics. Ms. University of Southern California.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Shih, S., & Rudin, D.
    (2019) On sound symbolism in baseball player names. Ms. University of Southern California.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Shinohara, K., & Kawahara, S.
    (2009) Onshoochoo no gengokan hikaku [A cross-linguistic comparison of sound symbolism]. Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the Japan cognitive science society, 26(O2–1), 1–4. (In Japanese)
    [Google Scholar]
  74. (2013) The sound symbolic nature of Japanese maid names. Proceedings of the 13th annual meeting of the Japanese Cognitive Linguistics association, 13, 183–193.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. (2016) A cross-linguistic study of sound symbolism: The images of size. Proceedings of the 36th annual meeting of the Berkeley linguistics society, 396–410.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Sidhu, D., & Pexman, P. M.
    (2017) Five mechanisms of sound symbolic association. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1–25.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. (2019) The sound symbolism of names. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1–5.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Slater, A. S., & Feinman, S.
    (1985) Gender and the phonology of North American first names. Sex Roles, 13, 429–440. 10.1007/BF00287953
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287953 [Google Scholar]
  79. Spence, C.
    (2011) Crossmodal correspondences: A tutorial review. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 73, 971–995. 10.3758/s13414‑010‑0073‑7
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-010-0073-7 [Google Scholar]
  80. Suzuki, T.
    (1962) Oninkookan to igibunka no kankei ni tsuite–iwayuru seidakuon tairitsu-o chuushin toshite [The relation between phonological exchange and sense-differentiation: Focusing on so-called voice opposition]. Gengo Kenkyu [Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan], 42, 23–30. (In Japanese)
  81. Teshigawara, M.
    (2003) Voices in Japanese animation (Doctoral dissertation). University of Victoria.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Tessier, A.-M.
    (2010) Short, but not sweet: Markedness preferences and reversals in English hypocoristics. Talk presented atACL-CLA.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Tomasello, M.
    (2009) Why we cooperate. Cambridge: MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/8470.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8470.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  84. Uemura, Y.
    (1965) Onsei-no hyoushousei-ni tsuite [On the symbolic aspects of sounds]. InGengo seikatsu, 66–70. Tokyo: Honami Shuppan.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Ultan, R.
    (1978) Size-sound symbolism. InJ. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of human language II: Phonology (pp.525–568). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Westbury, J. R., & Keating, P.
    (1986) On the naturalness of stop consonant voicing. Journal of Linguistics, 22, 145–166. 10.1017/S0022226700010598
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700010598 [Google Scholar]
  87. Wichmann, S., Holman, E. W. & Brown, C. H.
    (2010) Sound symbolism in basic vocabulary. Entropy, 12(4). 844–858. 10.3390/e12040844
    https://doi.org/10.3390/e12040844 [Google Scholar]
  88. Whissell, C.
    (2001) Cues to referent gender in randomly constructed names. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93, 856–858. 10.2466/pms.2001.93.3.856
    https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.93.3.856 [Google Scholar]
  89. Wright, S., & Hay, J.
    (2002) Fred and Trema: A phonological conspiracy. InS. Benor, M. Rose, D. Sharma, J. Sweetland & Q. Zhang (Eds.), Gendered practices in language (pp.175–191). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Wright, S., Hay, J., & Tessa, B.
    (2005) Ladies first? Phonology, frequency, and the naming conspiracy. Linguistics, 43(3), 531–561. 10.1515/ling.2005.43.3.531
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2005.43.3.531 [Google Scholar]
  91. Yoshimura, K.
    (2014) Hajimeteno ninchi gengogaku [An introduction to Cognitive Linguistics]. Tokyo: Kenkyuusha. (In Japanese)
  92. LOGIOS Lexicon Tool
    LOGIOS Lexicon Toolwww.speech.cs.cmu.edu/tools/lextool.html (accessed2018/01/10)
  93. The Disney Wiki: Characters from Theatrical Animated Features
    The Disney Wiki: Characters from Theatrical Animated Featuresdisney.wikia.com/wiki/Characters_from_theatrical_animated_feature (accessed2018/01/10).
  94. The Disney Wiki: List of Disney Villains
    The Disney Wiki: List of Disney Villains. disney.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_Disney_villains (accessed2018/01/10).
/content/journals/10.1075/rcl.00066.uno
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/rcl.00066.uno
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): bilabials; evil/good; naming; obstruents; sound symbolism
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error