1887
Volume 20, Issue 1
  • ISSN 1877-9751
  • E-ISSN: 1877-976X
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

We investigate the figurative size ( or ) that more naturally fits the conceptual representation of the moral emotion concepts and . We hypothesize the pairings and to be more natural than their counterparts, because of the emotions’ expressive profile: pride’s expanded body posture makes us look big, while shame’s shrunk body posture makes us look small. These effects are part of the folk model of and observed in language and the mapping can be best described as metonymic. An Implicit Association Test is used to investigate the existence of these conceptual pairings in Spanish. Faster reaction times and fewer errors were observed for metonymy-congruent compared to incongruent pairs. These results provide the first empirical evidence of a cognitive association coherent with our hypothesized metonymic link and constitute an empirical psycholinguistic contribution to the study of conceptual metonymy.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/rcl.00108.sor
2022-05-24
2024-12-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Ansah, G. N.
    (2014) Culture in embodied cognition: Metaphorical/metonymic conceptualizations of FEAR in Akan and English. Metaphor and Symbol, 29(1), 147–180. 10.1080/10926488.2014.859483
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2014.859483 [Google Scholar]
  2. Athanasiadou, A.
    (1998) The conceptualization of the domain of fear in Modern Greek. InA. Athanasiadou & E. Tabaskowska (Eds.), Speaking of emotions: Conceptualization and expression (pp.227–52). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110806007.227
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110806007.227 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bakhtiar, M.
    (2018) Emotion concepts in context: Figurative conceptualizations of hayâ ‘self-restraint’ in Persian. InA. Pizarro Pedraza (Ed.), Linguistic taboo revisited. Novel insights from cognitive perspectives (pp.141–160). Berlin & Boston: Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110582758‑008
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110582758-008 [Google Scholar]
  4. Banse, R., Seise, J., & Zerbes, N.
    (2001) Implicit attitudes toward homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle Psychologie, 48(2), 145–60. 10.1026//0949‑3946.48.2.145
    https://doi.org/10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.145 [Google Scholar]
  5. Barcelona, A.
    (1986) On the concept of depression in American English: A cognitive approach. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, 12, 7–35.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. (1995) Metaphorical models of romantic love in Romeo and Juliet. Journal of Pragmatics, 24(6), 667–688. 10.1016/0378‑2166(95)00007‑F
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(95)00007-F [Google Scholar]
  7. (2000a) Introduction. The cognitive theory of metaphor and metonymy. InA. Barcelona (Ed.), Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads. A cognitive perspective (pp.1–28). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110894677.1
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110894677.1 [Google Scholar]
  8. (2000b) On the plausibility of claiming a metonymic motivation for conceptual metaphor. InA. Barcelona (Ed.), Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads. A cognitive perspective (pp.31–58). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110894677.31
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110894677.31 [Google Scholar]
  9. (2015) Metonymy. InE. Dąbrowska & D. Divjak (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive linguistics (pp.143–167). Berlin & Boston: Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110292022‑008
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110292022-008 [Google Scholar]
  10. (2018) General description of the metonymy database in the Córdoba project, with particular attention to the issues of hierarchy, prototypicality, and taxonomic domains. InO. Blanco-Carrión, A. Barcelona & R. Pannain (Eds.), Conceptual metonymy: Methodological, theoretical, and descriptive issues (pp.27–54). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/hcp.60.01bar
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.60.01bar [Google Scholar]
  11. (2019) The tripartite typology and the Córdoba Metonymy Database. InM. Bolognesi, M. Brdar & K. Despot (Eds.), Metaphor and metonymy in the digital age: Theory and methods for building repositories of figurative language (pp.49–73). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/milcc.8.03bar
    https://doi.org/10.1075/milcc.8.03bar [Google Scholar]
  12. Bessenoff, G. R., & Sherman, J. W.
    (2000) Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people: Evaluation versus stereotype activation. Social Cognition, 18, 329–353. 10.1521/soco.2000.18.4.329
    https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2000.18.4.329 [Google Scholar]
  13. Broćić, A.
    (2018) The conceptualization of pride and shame in English and Serbian via the temperature domain. InZ. Kašić (Ed.), Primenjena lingvistika u čast Vesni Berić-Ðukić – o jeziku sa raznih aspekata (pp.49–64). Novi Sad & Beograd: Društvo za primenjenu lingvistiku Srbije, Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, Filološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. (2019) Pride as a metaphorical treasure: The conceptualization of pride and self-respect in English and Serbian via ‘the possession of a precious object’ scenario. Belgrade English Language and Literature Studies, 11(1), 11–43. 10.18485/bells.2019.11.1
    https://doi.org/10.18485/bells.2019.11.1 [Google Scholar]
  15. Campbell-Kibler, K.
    (2012) The Implicit Association Test and sociolinguistic meaning. Lingua, 122(7), 753–763. 10.1016/j.lingua.2012.01.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.01.002 [Google Scholar]
  16. Cova, F., Deonna, J., & Sander, D.
    (2015) Introduction: Moral Emotions. Topoi, 34, 397–400. 10.1007/s11245‑015‑9345‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-015-9345-0 [Google Scholar]
  17. Díaz-Vera, J. E., & Manrique-Antón, T.
    (2015) ‘Better shamed before one than shamed before all’: Shaping shame in Old English and Old Norse texts. InJ. Díaz-Vera (Ed.), Metaphor and metonymy across time and cultures (pp.225–264). Berlin & Boston: Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110335453.225
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110335453.225 [Google Scholar]
  18. Ding, Y.
    (2011) Metaphors of SADNESS: Intraconceptual and interconceptual variation. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong. 10.5353/th_b4697106
    https://doi.org/10.5353/th_b4697106 [Google Scholar]
  19. Dukes, D., Abrams, K., Adolphs, R.
    (2021) The rise of affectivism. Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 816–820. 10.1038/s41562‑021‑01130‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01130-8 [Google Scholar]
  20. Emanatian, M.
    (1995) Metaphor and the expression of emotion: The value of cross-cultural perspectives. Metaphor and Symbol, 10(3), 163–182. 10.1207/s15327868ms1003_2
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1003_2 [Google Scholar]
  21. Feyaerts, K.
    (1999) Metonymic hierarchies. The conceptualization of stupidity in German idiomatic expressions. InK.-U. Panther & G. Radden (Eds.), Metonymy in language and thought (pp.309–332). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/hcp.4.18fey
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.4.18fey [Google Scholar]
  22. Forceville, C., & Paling, S.
    (2021) The metaphorical representation of depression in short, wordless animation films. Visual Communication, 20(1), 100–120. 10.1177/1470357218797994
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357218797994 [Google Scholar]
  23. Gibbs, R. W. Jr.
    (2007) Experimental tests of figurative meaning construction. InG. Radden, K. M. Köpcke, T. Berg & P. Siemund (Eds.), Aspects of meaning construction (pp.19–32). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/z.136.04gib
    https://doi.org/10.1075/z.136.04gib [Google Scholar]
  24. Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D.
    (2000) Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022–1038. 10.1037/0022‑3514.79.6.1022
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022 [Google Scholar]
  25. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K.
    (1998) Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. 10.1037/0022‑3514.74.6.1464
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 [Google Scholar]
  26. Hense, R. L., Penner, L. A., & Nelson, D. L.
    (1995) Implicit memory for age stereotypes. Social Cognition, 13, 399–415. 10.1521/soco.1995.13.4.399
    https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1995.13.4.399 [Google Scholar]
  27. Holland, D., & Kipnis, A.
    (1995) American cultural models of embarrassment. The not-so egocentric self laid bare. InJ. A. Russell, J. M. Fernandez-Dols, A. S. R. Manstead & J. C. Wellencamp (Eds.), Everyday conceptions of emotion. An Introduction to the psychology, anthropology and linguistics of emotion (pp.181–202). Dordrecht: Springer. 10.1007/978‑94‑015‑8484‑5_10
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8484-5_10 [Google Scholar]
  28. Hurtado de Mendoza, A., Fernández-Dols, J. M., Parrott, W. G., & Carrera, P.
    (2010) Emotion terms, category structure, and the problem of translation: The case of shame and vergüenza. Cognition and Emotion, 24(4), 661–680. 10.1080/02699930902958255
    https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902958255 [Google Scholar]
  29. Izard, C. E.
    (1971) The face of emotion. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Jolly, A.
    (1985) The evolution of primate behavior. American Scientist, 73, 230–239.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Keltner, D.
    (1995) Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 441–454. 10.1037/0022‑3514.68.3.441
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.441 [Google Scholar]
  32. Kövecses, Z.
    (1986) Metaphors of anger, pride and love. A lexical approach to the structure of concepts. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pb.vii.8
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pb.vii.8 [Google Scholar]
  33. (1990) Emotion concepts. New York: Springer Verlag. 10.1007/978‑1‑4612‑3312‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3312-1 [Google Scholar]
  34. (1998) Are there any emotion-specific metaphors?InA. Athanasiadou & E. Tabakowska (Eds.). Speaking of emotions. Conceptualization and expression (pp.127–151). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110806007.127
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110806007.127 [Google Scholar]
  35. (2000) Metaphor and emotion. Language, culture, and body in human feeling. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. (2015) Surprise as a conceptual category. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 13(2), 270–290. 10.1075/rcl.13.2.01kov
    https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.13.2.01kov [Google Scholar]
  37. (2017) Levels of metaphor. Cognitive Linguistics, 28(2), 321–347. 10.1515/cog‑2016‑0052
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cog-2016-0052 [Google Scholar]
  38. Kövecses, Z., & Radden, G.
    (1998) Metonymy: Developing a cognitive linguistic view. Cognitive Linguistics, 9(1), 37–77. 10.1515/cogl.1998.9.1.37
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1998.9.1.37 [Google Scholar]
  39. Lakoff, G., & Kövecses, Z.
    (1987) The cognitive model of anger inherent in American English. InD. Holland, & N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp.195–221). New York: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511607660.009
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607660.009 [Google Scholar]
  40. Lewis, M.
    (2004 [2000]) Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. InM. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp.623–636), 2nd edition. New York & London: Guilford.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Maalej, Z.
    (2004) Figurative language in anger expressions in Tunisian Arabic: An extended view of embodiment. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 15(1), 51–75. 10.1207/S15327868MS1901_3
    https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1901_3 [Google Scholar]
  42. Mathôt, S., Schreij, D., & Theeuwes, J.
    (2012) OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 314–24. 10.3758/s13428‑011‑0168‑7
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0168-7 [Google Scholar]
  43. Matsuki, K.
    (1995) Metaphors of anger in Japanese. InJ. Taylor & R. E. Maclaury (Eds.) Language and the cognitive construal of the world (pp.137–151). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110809305.137
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110809305.137 [Google Scholar]
  44. Meier, B. P., Robinson & M. D., & Caven, A. J.
    (2008) Why a Big Mac is a good Mac: Associations between affect and size. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 46–55, 10.1080/01973530701866516
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530701866516 [Google Scholar]
  45. Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R.
    (2001) The go/no-go association task. Social Cognition, 19, 625–666. 10.1521/soco.19.6.625.20886
    https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.19.6.625.20886 [Google Scholar]
  46. Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R.
    (2007) The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. InJ. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social psychology and the unconscious: The automaticity of higher mental processes (pp.265–292). New York: Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Ogarkova, A.
    (2007) Green-eyed monsters: a corpus-based study of the concepts of ENVY and JEALOUSY in modern English. Metaphorik.de, 13, 87–147.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Ogarkova, A., & Soriano, C.
    (2014a) Emotion and the body: A corpus-based investigation of metaphorical containers of anger across languages. International Journal of Cognitive Linguistics, 5(2), 147–179.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. (2014b) Variation within universals: The ‘metaphorical profile’ approach to the study of ANGER concepts in English, Russian and Spanish. InA. Musolff, F. MacArthur & G. Pagani (Eds.), Metaphor and intercultural communication (pp.93–116). London: Bloomsbury. 10.5040/9781472593610.ch‑005
    https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472593610.ch-005 [Google Scholar]
  50. Oster, U.
    (2010) Pride – Stolz – orgullo: A corpus-based approach to the expression of emotion concepts in a foreign language. InI. Moskowich-Spiegel Fandiño, B. Crespo García, I. Lareo Martín & P. Lojo Sandino (Eds.), Language windowing through corpora. PartII (pp.593–610). A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Pannain, R.
    (2018) The mouth of the speaker: Italian metonymies of linguistic action. InO. Blanco-Carrión, A. Barcelona & R. Pannain (Eds.), Conceptual metonymy: Methodological, theoretical, and descriptive issues (pp.237–260). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/hcp.60.09pan
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.60.09pan [Google Scholar]
  52. Ponsonnet, M.
    (2014) Figurative and non-figurative uses of body-parts in descriptions of emotions in Dalabon (Northern Australia). International Journal of Language and Culture, 1(1), 98–130. 10.1075/ijolc.1.1.06pon
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.1.1.06pon [Google Scholar]
  53. Radden, G.
    (2002) How metonymic are metaphors?InR. Dirven & R. Pörings (Eds.), Metaphor and metonymy in comparison and contrast (pp.407–434). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110219197.407
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219197.407 [Google Scholar]
  54. Riemer, N.
    (2001) Remetonymizing metaphor: Hypercategories in semantic extension. Cognitive Linguistics, 12, 379–401. 10.1515/cogl.2002.008
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2002.008 [Google Scholar]
  55. Rosseel, L., Speelman, D., & Geeraerts, D.
    (2015) Can social psychological attitude measures be used to study language attitudes? A case study exploring the Personalized Implicit Association Test. InProceedings of the 6th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics, 1–4. 10.15496/publikation‑8642
    https://doi.org/10.15496/publikation-8642 [Google Scholar]
  56. Rudman, L. A., & Kilianski, S. E.
    (2000) Implicit and explicit attitudes toward female authority. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(11), 1315–1328. 10.1177/0146167200263001
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200263001 [Google Scholar]
  57. Sharifian, F., Dirven, R., Yu, N., & Niemeier, S.
    (Eds.) (2008) Culture, body, and language. Conceptualizations of internal body organs across cultures and languages. Berlin & New York: Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110199109
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199109 [Google Scholar]
  58. Sherman, S. J., Presson, C. C., Chassin, L., Rose, J. S., & Koch, K.
    (2003) Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking: The effects of context and motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(1), 13–39. 10.1521/jscp.22.1.13.22766
    https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.22.1.13.22766 [Google Scholar]
  59. Soriano, C.
    (2005) The conceptualization of anger in English and Spanish: A cognitive approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Murcia: University of Murcia.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Soriano, C., & Valenzuela, J.
    (2009) Emotion and colour across languages: Implicit associations in Spanish colour terms. Social Science Information, 48(3), 421–445. 10.1177/0539018409106199
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018409106199 [Google Scholar]
  61. Stefanowitsch, A.
    (2004) HAPPINESS in English and German: A metaphorical-pattern analysis. InM. Achard & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Language, culture, and mind (pp.137–149). Stanford: University of Stanford.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Taylor, J. R., & Mbense, T. G.
    (1998) Red dogs and rotten mealies: How Zulus talk about anger. InA. Athanasiadou & E. Tabakowska (Eds.), Speaking of emotions: Conceptualisation and expression (pp.191–226). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110806007.191
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110806007.191 [Google Scholar]
  63. Tissari, H.
    (2006a) Conceptualizing shame: Investigating uses of the English word ‘shame’, 1418–1991. InR. W. McConchie, O. Timofeeva, H. Tissari & T. Säily (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 2005 symposium on new approaches in English historical lexis (HEL-LEX) (pp.143–154). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. (2006b) Justified pride? Metaphors of the word pride in English language corpora, 1418–1991. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 5(1), 15–49. 10.35360/njes.46
    https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.46 [Google Scholar]
  65. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W.
    (2004) Show your pride: Evidence for a discrete emotion expression. Psychological Science, 15, 194–197. 10.1111/j.0956‑7976.2004.01503008.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503008.x [Google Scholar]
  66. (2007) The prototypical pride expression: Development of a nonverbal behavior coding system. Emotion, 7(4), 789–801. 10.1037/1528‑3542.7.4.789
    https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.789 [Google Scholar]
  67. Walker, S. S., & Schimmack, U.
    (2008) Validity of a Happiness Implicit Association Test as a measure of subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 490–497. 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.07.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.07.005 [Google Scholar]
  68. Wierzbicka, A.
    (1999) Emotions across languages and cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511521256
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521256 [Google Scholar]
  69. Yu, Ning
    1995 Metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in English and Chinese. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10(2), 59–92. 10.1207/s15327868ms1002_1
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1002_1 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/rcl.00108.sor
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/rcl.00108.sor
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): empirical; IAT; metonymy; pride; shame; size
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error