1887
Volume 34, Issue 2
  • ISSN 0213-2028
  • E-ISSN: 2254-6774
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Speech acts used in doing (Iranian system of politeness) have been conceptualized in terms of both positive (i.e. sincere or genuine) and negative (i.e. ritual or ostensible) meanings. This study aimed to revisit the interpretation of the negative meaning by concentrating on (ritual) offers produced by characters in Iranian films. First, these items were identified and distinguished from their genuine counterparts based on the strategies used in their structures and analysing their contextual features respectively. Then, the researcher proposed a model in which she adopted the notion of Leech’s (1983) meta-implicature (indirect implicature) to explicate the negative meaning of offers. She grouped a series of effective factors in working out these meta-implicatures. Finally, a tentative hierarchy of stages for identification and interpretation of offers in Iranian films were proposed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/resla.19017.yaq
2021-12-15
2024-12-03
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Afghari, A.
    (2007) A Sociopragmatic Study of Apology Speech Act Realization Patterns in Persian. Speech Communication, 49, 177–185. 10.1016/j.specom.2007.01.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2007.01.003 [Google Scholar]
  2. Afghari, A., & Karimnia, M.
    (2012) A Contrastive Study of Four Cultural Differences in Everyday Conversation Between English and Persian. Intercultural Communication Studies, 16 (1), 243–250.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Aliakbari, M., & Changizi, M.
    (2012) On the Realization of Refusal Strategies by Persian and Kurdish Speakers. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36 (5), 659–668. 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.04.009
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.04.009 [Google Scholar]
  4. Allami, H.
    (2012) A Sociopragmatic Study of the Offer Speech Act in Persian. Research in Applied Linguistics (RALS), 3(1), 110–129.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Asdjodi, M.
    (2001) A Comparison between Ta’arof in Persian and Limao in Chinese. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 148(1), 71–92.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Babai Shishavan, H.
    (2016) Refusals of Invitations and Offers in Persian: Genuine or Ostensible?. Journal of Politeness Research Language, Behaviour, Culture, 12 (1), 55–93.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Babai Shishavan, H., & Sharifian, F.
    (2013) Refusal Strategies in L1 and L2: A Study of Persian-speaking Learners of English. Multilingua, 32(6), 801–836. 10.1515/multi‑2013‑0038
    https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2013-0038 [Google Scholar]
  8. Barron, A.
    (2003) Acquisition in Interlanguage Pragmatics: Learning How to do Thing with Words in a Study Abroad Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins publishing. 10.1075/pbns.108
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.108 [Google Scholar]
  9. Beeman, W. O.
    (1986) Language, Status, and Power in Iran. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. (1988) Affectivity in Persian language use. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 12, 9–30. 10.1007/BF00047036
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047036 [Google Scholar]
  11. (2001) Emotion and sincerity in Persian discourse: Accomplishing the Representation of Inner States. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 148(1), 31–57. 10.1515/ijsl.2001.013
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2001.013 [Google Scholar]
  12. Behnam, B., & Amizadeh, N.
    (2011) A Comparative Study of the Compliments and Compliment Responses between English and Persian TV InterviewsThe Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 17(1), 65–78.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown, P., & Levinson, S.
    (1978) Politeness: Some Language Universals in Language Use. InE. Goody (Ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction (pp.56–310). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. (1987) Politeness: Some Language Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University press. 10.1017/CBO9780511813085
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085 [Google Scholar]
  15. Davis, W.
    (1998) Implicature. Intention, Convention, and Principle in the Failure of Gricean Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511663796
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663796 [Google Scholar]
  16. Eslami, Z. R.
    (2005) Invitations in Persian: Ostensible or Genuine?. Intercultural Pragmatics Journal, 2(4), 453–448.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Goffman, E.
    (1955) On Face-work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements of Social Interaction. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 18(3), 213–231. 10.1080/00332747.1955.11023008
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1955.11023008 [Google Scholar]
  18. Grice, H. P.
    (1975) Logic and Conversation. InP. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics (Vol.3). New York: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Isaacs, E. A., & Clark, H. H.
    (1990) Ostensible Invitations. Language in Society, 19, 493–509. 10.1017/S0047404500014780
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500014780 [Google Scholar]
  20. Izadi, A.
    (2015) Persian Honorifics and Im/politeness as Social Practice. Journal of Pragmatics. 85, 85–91. 10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.002 [Google Scholar]
  21. Izadi, A., Atasheneh, N., & Zilaie, F.
    (2012) Refusing ostensible offers and invitations in Persian. Advances in Asian Social Science, 1(1), 77–78.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kallia, A.
    (2007) Politeness and Implicature: Expanding the Cooperative Principle. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kingwell, M.
    (1993) Is it Rational to be Polite?. The Journal of Philosophy, 90, 387–404. 10.2307/2940877
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2940877 [Google Scholar]
  24. Koutlaki, S.
    (1997) The Persian System of Politeness and the Persian Folk Concept of Face, with Some Reference to EFL Teaching to Iranian Native Speakers. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Wales College of Cardiff.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. (1997) The Persian System of Politeness and the Persian Folk Concept of Face, with Some Reference to EFL Teaching to Iranian Native Speakers. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Wales College of Cardiff.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Koutelaki, S.
    (2002) and Expressions of Thanks as Face-enhancing Acts: Ta’arof in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 1733–1756. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(01)00055‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(01)00055-8 [Google Scholar]
  27. Koutlaki, S.
    (2010) Among the Iranians: A guide to Iran’s culture and customs. Boston: Intercultural Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Lakoff, R. T.
    (1973) The Logic of Politeness: or Minding your p’s and q’s. Papers from the 8th Regional Meeting, 290–305.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Leech, G.
    (1983) Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman Group Limited.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Leone, M.
    (2009) Iranian Ta’ārof and Italian Cerimonie: on the Semiotics of Politeness. InE. Tarasti (Ed.), Communication Understanding/Misunderstanding. Proceedings of the 9thCongress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies held in Helsinki and Imatra, June 2007 (Vol.2, pp.904–914).
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Link, K., & Kreuz, R.
    (2005) The Comprehension of Ostensible Speech Acts. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24, 227–251. 10.1177/0261927X05278384
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X05278384 [Google Scholar]
  32. Nemeth, A.
    (2008) Ta’ârof as a Writer’s Tool in Twentieth Century Persian Literary Prose. Iranian Studies, 41 (2), 183–211. 10.1080/00210860801913420
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00210860801913420 [Google Scholar]
  33. Palmer, G. B.
    (1996) Toward a Theory of Cultural Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Rafiee, A.
    (1992) Variables of Communicative Incompetence in the Performance of Iranian Learners of English and English Learners of Persian. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Razmjoo, S. A., Barabadi, E., & Arfa, A.
    (2013) An investigation into the speech act of compliment response in Persian. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 2, 44–52. 10.7575/ijalel.v.2n.1p.44
    https://doi.org/10.7575/ijalel.v.2n.1p.44 [Google Scholar]
  36. Sahragard, R.
    (2003) A Cultural Script Analysis of a Politeness Feature in Persian. Paper Presented at the8th Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics, Japan.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Salmani-Nadoushan, M. A.
    (2005) A comparative sociopragmatic study of ostensible invitations in English and Farsi. Pazhuhesh-e Zabanha-ye Khareji, 20, 119–144.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Searle, J. R.
    (1969) Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139173438
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438 [Google Scholar]
  39. Shariati, M., Chamani, F.
    (2010) Apology Strategies in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(6), 1689–99. 10.1016/j.pragma.2009.10.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.10.007 [Google Scholar]
  40. Sharifian, F.
    (2007) L1 Cultural Conceptualisations in L2 Learning: The Case of Persian Speaking Learners of English. InFarzad Sharifian & Gary Palmer (eds.), Applied Cultural Linguistics: Implications for Second Language Learning and Intercultural Communication. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/celcr.7.04sha
    https://doi.org/10.1075/celcr.7.04sha [Google Scholar]
  41. (2011) Cultural Conceptualisations and Language: Theoretical Framework and Applications. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/clscc.1
    https://doi.org/10.1075/clscc.1 [Google Scholar]
  42. Taleghani-Nikazm, C.
    (1998) Politeness in Persian interaction: The preference format of offers in Persian. Cross-roads of Language, Interaction, and Culture, 1, 3–11.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Wierzbicka, A.
    (1997) Understanding Cultures through their Keyword: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Yaqubi, M., Abdul Rahman, W. R. E., Che Omar, Hasuria
    (2014) A Prospective Approach to English Subtitling of Persian Phatic Expressions. Translation Studies. 12 (45), 83–95.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. (2015) Bebaxshid poshtam Be shomas” (excuse me, I’m sitting in front of you): Towards Identification of Persian Apologies with Phatic Function. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research. 2 (7), 215–221.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Yaqubi, M., Karwan, M. Saeed, Khaksari, M.
    (2016) Conversational Maxim View of Politeness: Focus on Politeness Implicatures raised in Performing Persian Offers and Invitations. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6 (1), 52–58. 10.17507/tpls.0601.07
    https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0601.07 [Google Scholar]
  47. Yaqubi, M.
    (2017) The Translation of Persian Ta’ārof into English: A Case Study of the Subtitles of Ostensible Speech Acts in Selected Iranian Films. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. (2018) On Subtitling of Ta’ārof Apologies, Journal of Language and Translation, 8(1), 31–42.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. (2020) Subtitling of Ostensible Speech Acts (OSAs): Towards Proposing a Guideline. Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics, 33 (2), 641–666. https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/resla.18033.yaq. 10.1075/resla.18033.yaq
    https://doi.org/10.1075/resla.18033.yaq [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/resla.19017.yaq
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/resla.19017.yaq
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error