1887
Volume 5, Issue 1
  • ISSN 2405-5522
  • E-ISSN: 2405-5530
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

While second language (L2) pragmatics research has predominantly investigated speech acts, little attention has been given to pragmatic markers (PMs) (Müller, 2005). Research demonstrates that PM use by learners is limited (Liao, 2009) and that their production is aided by native speaker (NS) contact (Sankoff et al., 1997). Thus, if study abroad (SA) provides a combination of instructed and naturalistic input / exposure, the analysis of PM development gives insights into the role of language exposure during SA. Against this background, this article investigates the use of PMs in L2 English during an Erasmus programme in Ireland. Data were collected using sociolinguistic interviews (Labov, 1984) and the PMs studied were ‘like’ and ‘well’. These PMs were tracked longitudinally to investigate differences in frequency and use. Findings were analysed quantitatively and compared with English NSs. Results point to an increase in frequency but also reveal constraints on the use of the PMs studied.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/sar.18008.mag
2020-02-24
2024-12-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aijmer, K.
    (2011) Well I’m not sure I think… The use of well by non-native speakers. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 16(2), 231–254. 10.1075/ijcl.16.2.04aij
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.16.2.04aij [Google Scholar]
  2. (2013) Understanding pragmatic markers. A variational pragmatic approach. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Aijmer, K., & Simon-Vandenbergen, A.-M.
    (2006) Introduction. InK. Aijmer & A.-M. Simon-Vandenbergen (Eds.), Pragmatic markers in contrast (pp.1–10). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Andersen, G.
    (2001) Pragmatic markers and sociolinguistic variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.84
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.84 [Google Scholar]
  5. Anthony, L.
    (2014) AntConc (Version 3.4.4). Tokyo: Waseda University. Retrieved from www.laurenceanthony.net (31May 2019).
  6. Barron, A.
    (2006) Learning to say ‘you’ in German: The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad context. InM. A. DuFon & E. Churchill (Eds.), Language learners in study abroad contexts (pp.59–88). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781853598531‑007
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853598531-007 [Google Scholar]
  7. (2019a) Norms and variation in L2 pragmatics. InN. Taguchi (Ed.), Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and pragmatics (pp.447–461). New York, NY: Routledge. 10.4324/9781351164085‑29
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351164085-29 [Google Scholar]
  8. (2019b) Pragmatic development and stay abroad. Journal of Pragmatics, 146, 43–53. 10.1016/j.pragma.2019.05.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.05.003 [Google Scholar]
  9. Beeching, K.
    (2015) Variability in native and non-native use of pragmatic parkers: The example of well in role-play data. InK. Beeching & H. Woodfield (Eds.), Researching sociopragmatic variation: Perspectives from variational, interlanguage and contrastive pragmatics (pp.174–197). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian. 10.1057/9781137373953_8
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137373953_8 [Google Scholar]
  10. (2016) Pragmatic markers in British English: Meaning in social interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139507110
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139507110 [Google Scholar]
  11. Brinton, L. J.
    (1996) Pragmatic markers in English: Grammaticalization and discourse functions. Berlin: De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110907582
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110907582 [Google Scholar]
  12. Buysse, L.
    (2015) ‘Well it’s not very ideal…’ The pragmatic marker well in learner English. Intercultural Pragmatics, 12(1), 59–89. 10.1515/ip‑2015‑0003
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2015-0003 [Google Scholar]
  13. Coleman, J. A.
    (2013) Researching whole people and whole lives. InC. Kinginger (Ed.), Social and cultural aspects of language learning in study abroad (pp.17–44). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/lllt.37.02col
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.37.02col [Google Scholar]
  14. Collentine, J.
    (2004) The effects of learning contexts on morphosyntactic and lexical development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26(2), 227–248. 10.1017/S0272263104262040
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104262040 [Google Scholar]
  15. (2009) Study abroad research: Findings, implications and future directions. InM. H. Long & C. Doughty (Eds.), Handbook of language teaching (pp.218–233). Malden, MA: Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444315783.ch13
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315783.ch13 [Google Scholar]
  16. Corrigan, K. P.
    (2015) ‘I always think of people here, you know, saying like after every sentence’: The dynamics of discourse-pragmatic markers in Northern Irish English. InC. P. Amador-Moreno, K. McCafferty, & E. Vaughan (Eds.), Pragmatic markers in Irish English (pp.37–64). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.258.02cor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.258.02cor [Google Scholar]
  17. Cullen, R., & Kuo, I-C. V.
    (2007) Spoken grammar and ELT course materials: A missing link?TESOL Quarterly, 41(2), 361–386. 10.1002/j.1545‑7249.2007.tb00063.x
    https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1545-7249.2007.tb00063.x [Google Scholar]
  18. D’Arcy, A.
    (2017) Discourse-pragmatic variation in context. Eight hundred years of LIKE. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.187
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.187 [Google Scholar]
  19. de Wit, H., & Merkx, G.
    (2012) The history of internationalisation of higher education. InD. K. Deardorff, H. De Wit, J. D. Heyl, & T. Adams (Eds.), The Sage handbook of international education (pp.43–60). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Dewaele, J.-M.
    (2004) The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in French as a foreign language: an overview. Journal of French Language Studies, 14(3), 301–319. 10.1017/S0959269504001814
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959269504001814 [Google Scholar]
  21. Dewey, D. P., Belnap, R. K., & Hillstrom, R.
    (2013) Social network development, language use, and language acquisition during study abroad: Arabic language learners’ perspectives. Frontiers. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 22, 84–110.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Dewey, D. P., Bown, J., & Eggett, D.
    (2012) Japanese language proficiency, social networking, and language use during study abroad: Learners’ perspectives. Canadian Modern Language Review, 68, 111–137. 10.3138/cmlr.68.2.111
    https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.68.2.111 [Google Scholar]
  23. Diskin, C.
    (2017) The use of the discourse-pragmatic marker ‘like’ by native and non-native speakers of English in Ireland. Journal of Pragmatics, 120, 144–157. 10.1016/j.pragma.2017.08.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.08.004 [Google Scholar]
  24. Durham, M.
    (2014) The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a lingua franca context. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781783091447
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783091447 [Google Scholar]
  25. European Commission
    European Commission (2017) Erasmus: Annual report 2016. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://publications.europa.eu/fr/publication-detail/-/publication/b0250d33-fcce-11e7-b8f5-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF (31May 2019).
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Fedriani, C., & Sansò, A.
    (2017) Introduction. Pragmatic markers, discourse markers and modal particles: what do we know and where do we go from here?InC. Fedriani & A. Sansò (Eds.), Pragmatic markers, discourse markers and modal particles: New perspectives (pp.1–33). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.186.01fed
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.186.01fed [Google Scholar]
  27. Félix-Brasdefer, C.
    (2013) Refusing in L2 Spanish: The effects of the context of learning during a short-term study abroad program. InO. Martí-Arnándiz & P. Salazar-Campillo (Eds.), Refusals in instructed contexts and beyond (pp.147–173). Amsterdam: Rodopi. 10.1163/9789401209717_009
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401209717_009 [Google Scholar]
  28. Freed, B. F.
    (1995) What makes us think that students who study abroad become fluent?InB. F. Freed (Ed.), Second language acquisition in a study abroad context (pp.123–148). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/sibil.9.09fre
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.9.09fre [Google Scholar]
  29. Freed, B. F., Segalowitz, N., & Dewey, D. P.
    (2004) Context of learning and second language fluency in French. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 275–301. 10.1017/S0272263104262064
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104262064 [Google Scholar]
  30. Fuller, J.
    (2003) Use of the discourse marker like in interviews. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(3), 365–377. 10.1111/1467‑9481.00229
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00229 [Google Scholar]
  31. Fung, L., & Carter, R.
    (2007) Discourse markers and spoken English: Native and learner use in pedagogic settings. Applied Linguistics, 28(3), 410–439. 10.1093/applin/amm030
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amm030 [Google Scholar]
  32. Grieve, A.
    (2013) Acquisition of the pragmatic marker ‘like’ by German study abroad adolescents. InT. Greer, D. Tatsuki, & C. Roever (Eds.), Pragmatics & Language Learning13, (pp.161–189). Honolulu, HI: National Foreign Language Resource Center.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Hesson, A., & Shellgren, M.
    (2015) Discourse marker like in real time: Characterizing the time-course of sociolinguistic impression making. American Speech, 90(2), 154–186. 10.1215/00031283‑3130313
    https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-3130313 [Google Scholar]
  34. Hickey, R.
    (2007) Irish English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511551048
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551048 [Google Scholar]
  35. Howard, M.
    (2002) L’acquisition des temps du passé en français par l’apprenant dit avancé: Une approche lexicale. InE. Labeau & P. Larrivee (Eds.), Les temps du passé français et leur enseignement (pp.181–204). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. (2005) Second language acquisition in a study abroad context: A comparative investigation of the effects of study abroad and foreign language instruction on the L2 learner’s grammatical development. InA. Housen & M. Pierrard (Eds.), Investigations in instructed second language acquisition (pp.495–530). Berlin: De Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. (2012) The advanced learner’s sociolinguistic profile: On issues of individual differences, second language exposure conditions, and type of sociolinguistic variable. The Modern Language Journal, 96(1), 20–33. 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.2012.01293.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2012.01293.x [Google Scholar]
  38. Howard, M., Mougeon, R., & Dewaele, J.-M.
    (2013) Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition. InR. Bayley, R. Cameron, & C. Lucas (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of sociolinguistics (pp.340–359). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Huensch, A., & Tracy-Ventura, N.
    (2017) L2 utterance fluency development before, during and after residence abroad: A multidimensional investigation. The Modern Language Journal, 101(2), 275–293. 10.1111/modl.12395
    https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12395 [Google Scholar]
  40. Isabelli-García, C.
    (2010) Acquisition of Spanish gender agreement in two learning contexts: Study abroad and at home. Foreign Language Annals, 46(2), 289–303. 10.1111/j.1944‑9720.2010.01079.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2010.01079.x [Google Scholar]
  41. Iwasaki, N.
    (2011) Filling social space with fillers: Gains in social dimension after studying abroad in Japan. Japanese Language and Literature, 45(1), 169–193.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. (2013) Getting over the hedge: Acquisition of mitigating language in L2 Japanese. InC. Kinginger (Ed.), Social and cultural aspects of language learning in study abroad (pp.239–267). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/lllt.37.10iwa
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.37.10iwa [Google Scholar]
  43. Jones, C.
    (2016) Teaching spoken stance markers: A comparison of receptive and productive practice. The European Journal of Applied Linguistics and TEFL, 5(2), 83–100.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Jones, C., & Carter, R.
    (2014) Teaching spoken discourse markers explicitly: A comparison of III and PPP. International Journal of English Studies, 14(2), 37–54.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Juan-Garau, M., Salazar-Noguera, J., & Prieto-Arranz, J. I.
    (2014) English L2 learners’ lexico-grammatical and motivational development at home and abroad. InC. Pérez-Vidal (Ed.), Language acquisition in study abroad and formal instruction contexts (pp.235–258). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Jucker, A. H.
    (1993) The discourse marker well: A relevance-theoretical account. Journal of Pragmatics, 19, 435–452. 10.1016/0378‑2166(93)90004‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(93)90004-9 [Google Scholar]
  47. Kallen, J. L., & Kirk, J. M.
    (2012) SPICE-Ireland: A User’s Guide. Queen’s University Belfast, Trinity College Dublin, and Cló Ollscoil na Banríona. Retrieved from www.johnmkirk.co.uk/johnmkirk/documents/003648.pdf (31May 2019).
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Kinginger, C.
    (2009) Language learning and study abroad: A critical reading of research. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230240766
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230240766 [Google Scholar]
  49. Labov, W.
    (1984) Field methods of the project on linguistic change and variation. InJ. Baugh & J. Scherzer (Eds.), Language in use (pp.28–53). Eagle Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Liao, S.
    (2009) Variation in the use of discourse markers by Chinese teaching assistants in the US. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(7), 1313–1328. 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.026
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.026 [Google Scholar]
  51. Llanes, À., & Muñoz, C.
    (2009) A short stay abroad does it make a difference?System, 37(3), 353–365. 10.1016/j.system.2009.03.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2009.03.001 [Google Scholar]
  52. Migge, B.
    (2015) Now in the speech of newcomers to Ireland. InC. P. Amador-Moreno, K. McCafferty, & E. Vaughan (Eds.), Pragmatic markers in Irish English (pp.390–407). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.258.17mig
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.258.17mig [Google Scholar]
  53. Mora, J. C.
    (2014) The role of onset level on L2 perceptual phonological development after formal instruction and study abroad. InC. Pérez-Vidal (Ed.), Language acquisition in study abroad and formal instruction contexts (pp.167–194). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Mougeon, R., Nadasdi, T., & Rehner, K.
    (2010) The sociolinguistic competence of immersion students. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781847692405
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847692405 [Google Scholar]
  55. Mukherjee, J., & Rohrbach, J.-M.
    (2006) Rethinking applied corpus linguistics from a language-pedagogical perspective: New departures in learner corpus research. InB. Ketteman & G. Marko (Eds.), Planning, gluing and painting corpora: Inside the applied corpus linguist’s workshop (pp.205–232). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Müller, S.
    (2005) Discourse markers in native and non-native English discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.138
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.138 [Google Scholar]
  57. Murphy, B.
    (2015) A corpus-based investigation of pragmatic markers and sociolinguistic variation in Irish English. InC. P. Amador-Moreno, K. McCafferty, & E. Vaughan (Eds.), Pragmatic markers in Irish English (pp.65–88). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.258.03mur
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.258.03mur [Google Scholar]
  58. Nestor, N., & Regan, V.
    (2015) The significance of age and place of residence in the positional distribution of discourse like in L2 speech. InC. P. Amador-Moreno, K. McCafferty, & E. Vaughan (Eds.), Pragmatic markers in Irish English (pp.408–432). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.258.18nes
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.258.18nes [Google Scholar]
  59. Pérez-Vidal, C., & Shively, R.
    (2019) L2 pragmatic development in study abroad settings. InN. Taguchi (Ed.), Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and pragmatics (pp.355–371). New York, NY: Routledge. 10.4324/9781351164085‑23
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351164085-23 [Google Scholar]
  60. Regan, V., Howard, M., & Lemée, I.
    (2009) The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad context. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/9781847691583
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691583 [Google Scholar]
  61. Romero-Trillo, J.
    (2002) The pragmatic fossilization of discourse markers in non-native speakers of English. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(6), 769–784. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(02)00022‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00022-X [Google Scholar]
  62. (2012) Pragmatic markers. InC. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopaedia of applied linguistics (pp.4522–4528). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0929
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0929 [Google Scholar]
  63. Sankoff, G., Thibault, P., Nagy, N., Blondeau, H., Fonollosa, M.-O., & Gagnon, L.
    (1997) Variation in the use of discourse markers in a language contact situation. Language Variation and Change, 9, 191–217. 10.1017/S0954394500001873
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001873 [Google Scholar]
  64. Sanz, C.
    (2014) Contributions of study abroad research to our understanding of SLA processes and outcomes: The SALA Project, an appraisal. InC. Pérez-Vidal (Ed.), Language acquisition in study abroad and formal instruction contexts (pp.1–13). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Sato, S.
    (2019) A corpus-based analysis of so in written discourse: A comparison between L1 English speakers and Japanese EFL learners. Applied Pragmatics, 1(1), 26–45. 10.1075/ap.00002.sat
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ap.00002.sat [Google Scholar]
  66. Schiffrin, D.
    (1987) Discourse markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511611841
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611841 [Google Scholar]
  67. Schweinberger, M.
    (2015) A comparative study of the pragmatic marker like in Irish English and in south-eastern varieties of British English. InC. P. Amador-Moreno, K. McCafferty, & E. Vaughan (Eds.), Pragmatic markers in Irish English (pp.114–134). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.258.05sch
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.258.05sch [Google Scholar]
  68. Serrano, R., Llanes, À., & Tragant, E.
    (2011) Analyzing the effect of context of second language learning: Domestic intensive and semi-intensive courses versus study abroad in Europe. System, 39(2), 133–143. 10.1016/j.system.2011.05.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.05.002 [Google Scholar]
  69. Simões, A. R. M.
    (1996) Phonetics in second language acquisition: An acoustic study of fluency in adult learners of Spanish. Hispania, 79(1), 87–95. 10.2307/345617
    https://doi.org/10.2307/345617 [Google Scholar]
  70. Strassel, S., Conn, J., Evans, S., Cieri, C., Labov, W., & Maeda, K.
    (2003) The SLX Corpus of Classic Sociolinguistic Interviews. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved from fave.ling.upenn.edu/downloads/Transcription_guidelines_FAAV.pdf (31May 2019).
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Svartvik, J.
    (1980) Well in conversation. InS. Greenbaum, G. N. Leech, & J. Svartvik (Eds.), Studies in English linguistics for Randolph Quirk (pp.167–177). London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Tagliamonte, S.
    (2005) “So who? Like how? Just what? Discourse markers in the conversation of young Canadians. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(11), 1896–1915. 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.02.017
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.02.017 [Google Scholar]
  73. Valls-Ferrer, M., & Mora, J. C.
    (2014) L2 fluency development in formal instruction and study abroad: The role of initial fluency and language contact. InC. Pérez-Vidal (Ed.), Language acquisition in study abroad and formal instruction contexts (pp.111–136). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Watts, R. J.
    (1989) ‘Taking the pitcher to the ‘well’: Native speakers’ perception of their use of discourse markers in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 13, 203–237. 10.1016/0378‑2166(89)90092‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(89)90092-1 [Google Scholar]
  75. Xiao, F.
    (2015) Adult second learners’ pragmatic development in the study-abroad context: A review. Frontiers, 25(2), 132–149.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/sar.18008.mag
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/sar.18008.mag
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error