1887
image of Voices from the periphery
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Despite the growing body of literature on international student experiences, little attention has been paid to Kurdish students, a group whose study abroad experience is relatively new and largely driven by scholarship programs funded by the Kurdistan Regional Government. Through semi-structured interviews, this qualitative case study explores the intercultural experiences of Kurdish international students in multicultural classrooms in the United Kingdom, using Communities of Practice theory as a framework. The findings show that language proficiency considerably affected their intercultural experiences. The study also highlights the complex role of cultural differences and the limited interaction between Kurdish and native English-speaking students, reinforcing their sense of peripheral participation in the classroom. This study, therefore, contributes to the growing discourse on international student mobility and offers recommendations for enhancing international students’ integration into higher education.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/sar.24019.lou
2025-11-20
2025-12-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Acquah, E. O., & Commins, N. L.
    (2016) International students’ perspectives of a diverse class on multiculturalism. Journal of Further and Higher Education, (), –. 10.1080/0309877X.2016.1224328
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2016.1224328 [Google Scholar]
  2. Ahmad, A. B., Hassan, H. A., & Al-Ahmedi, M. W. A.
    (2016) Motivations of government-sponsored Kurdish students for pursuing postgraduate studies abroad: An exploratory study. Journal of Studies in International Education, (), –. 10.1177/1028315316662982
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315316662982 [Google Scholar]
  3. Aziz, M. A.
    (2011) The Kurds of Iraq. I. B. Tauris. 10.5040/9780755692835
    https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755692835 [Google Scholar]
  4. Baker, W., & Fang, F.
    (2019) From English language learners to intercultural citizens: Chinese student sojourners’ development of intercultural citizenship in ELT and EMI programmes (ELTRA Paper J155). British Council. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/437519/1/j155_eltra_paper_from_english_language_learners_to_intercultural_citizens_a4_final_web.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  5. (2021) ‘So maybe I’m a global citizen’: Developing intercultural citizenship in English medium education. Language, Culture and Curriculum, (), –. 10.1080/07908318.2020.1748045
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2020.1748045 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bamford, J. K.
    (2008) Strategies for the improvement of international students’ academic and cultural experiences of studying in the UK. InR. Atfield & P. Kemp (Eds), Enhancing the international learning experience in business and management, hospitality, leisure, sport, tourism (pp.–). Threshold Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Barnawi, O. Z., & Alzahrani, A.
    (2024) Englishization policy distraction in the internationalization of higher education in Saudi Arabia. Current Issues in Language Planning, (), –. 10.1080/14664208.2024.2381916
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2024.2381916 [Google Scholar]
  8. Barrett, M.
    (2013) Intercultural competence: A distinctive hallmark of interculturalism?InM. Barrett (Ed.), Interculturalism and multiculturalism: Similarities and differences (pp.–). Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bodis, A.
    (2023) Gatekeeping v. marketing: English language proficiency as a university admission requirement in Australia. Higher Education Research & Development, (), –. 10.1080/07294360.2023.2174082
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2174082 [Google Scholar]
  10. Bolton, P., Lewis, J., & Gower, M.
    (2025, June27). International students in UK higher education (Research Briefing CBP‑7976). House of Commons Library. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7976/
  11. Bonacina-Pugh, F.
    (2017) Legitimizing multilingual practices in the classroom: The role of the ‘practiced language policy’. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1080/13670050.2017.1372359
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1372359 [Google Scholar]
  12. Braun, V., & Clarke, V.
    (2012) Thematic analysis. APA handbook of research methods in psychology, vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp.–). American Psychological Association. 10.1037/13620‑004
    https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004 [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown, J. C., & Daly, A. J.
    (2004) Exploring the interactions and attitudes of international and domestic students in a New Zealand tertiary institution. 4th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Business. https://figshare.utas.edu.au/articles/conference_contribution/Exploring_the_interactions_and_attitudes_of_international_and_domestic_students_in_a_New_Zealand_tertiary_institution/23215049/1/files/40915175.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Carnine, J.
    (2015) The impact on national identity of transnational relationships during international student mobility. Journal of International Mobility, (), –. 10.3917/jim.001.0011
    https://doi.org/10.3917/jim.001.0011 [Google Scholar]
  15. Choi, L. J.
    (2021) The identity (re)construction of international students in the process of academic literacy acquisition. Teaching in Higher Education, (), –. 10.1080/13562517.2019.1657398
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1657398 [Google Scholar]
  16. Creswell, J. W.
    (2012) Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Croucher, S. M., Sommier, M., Rahmani, D., & Appenrodt, J.
    (2015) A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Communication Apprehension A Comparison of Three European Nations. Journal of Intercultural Communication, (), –. 10.36923/jicc.v15i2.693
    https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v15i2.693 [Google Scholar]
  18. De Wit, H.
    (2019) Internationalization in higher education, a critical review. SFU Educational Review, (), –. 10.21810/sfuer.v12i3.1036
    https://doi.org/10.21810/sfuer.v12i3.1036 [Google Scholar]
  19. De Wit, H., & Hunter, F.
    (2015) The future of internationalization of higher education in Europe. International Higher Education, , –. 10.6017/ihe.2015.83.9073
    https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2015.83.9073 [Google Scholar]
  20. Flick, U.
    (2018) Designing qualitative research. Sage Publications. 10.4135/9781529622737
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529622737 [Google Scholar]
  21. Galloway, N., McKinley, J.
    (2021) Englishization of higher education. InH. Mohebbi & C. Coombe (Eds.), Research questions in language education and applied linguistics (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑79143‑8_123
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79143-8_123 [Google Scholar]
  22. Gautam, C., Lowery, C. L., Mays, C., & Durant, D.
    (2016) Challenges for global learners: A qualitative study of the concerns and difficulties of international students. Journal of International Students, (), –. 10.32674/jis.v6i2.368
    https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i2.368 [Google Scholar]
  23. Geertz, C.
    (1973) Thick description: Towards an interpretive theory of culture. Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Gregersen-Hermans, J.
    (2015) The impact of exposure to diversity in the international university environment and the development of intercultural competence in students. InA. Curaj, L. Matei, R. Pricopie, J. Salmi, & P. Scott (Eds.), The European higher education area (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑20877‑0_6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20877-0_6 [Google Scholar]
  25. Griffith, R. L., Wolfeld, L., Armon, B. K., Rios, J., & Liu, O. L.
    (2016) Assessing intercultural competence in higher education: Existing research and future directions. ETS Research Report Series, , –. 10.1002/ets2.12112
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ets2.12112 [Google Scholar]
  26. Guerriche, A., & Grimshaw, T.
    (2024) Revisiting Kim’s Integrative Theory of Communication and Cross-Cultural Adaptation (ITCCA): Insights from a study of Algerian students abroad. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, (), –. 10.1080/17475759.2024.2396799
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2024.2396799 [Google Scholar]
  27. Hackett, P. M. W., & Capobianco, P. M.
    (2020) Background and characteristics of international student mobility and access to higher education. InO. Shkoler, E. Rabenu, P. M. W. Hackett, P. M. Capobianco (Eds.), International student mobility and access to higher education (pp.–). Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑44139‑5_2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44139-5_2 [Google Scholar]
  28. Halic, O., Greenberg, K., & Paulus, T.
    (2009) Language and academic identity: A study of the experiences of non-native English speaking international students. International Education, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Harrison, N.
    (2012) Investigating the impact of personality and early life experiences on intercultural interaction in internationalised universities. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, (). 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.007 [Google Scholar]
  30. Heng, T. T.
    (2019) Understanding the heterogeneity of international students’ experiences: A case study of Chinese international students in U.S. universities. Journal of Studies in International Education, (), –. 10.1177/1028315319829880
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315319829880 [Google Scholar]
  31. Ippolito, K.
    (2007) Promoting intercultural learning in a multicultural university: Ideals and realities. Teaching in Higher Education, (), –. 10.1080/13562510701596356
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510701596356 [Google Scholar]
  32. Jenkins, J.
    (2019) English medium instruction in higher education: The role of English as lingua franca. InX. Gao (Ed.), Second handbook of English language teaching (pp.–). Springer International. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑02899‑2_7
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02899-2_7 [Google Scholar]
  33. Ji, Y.
    (2020) Embedding and facilitating intercultural competence development in internationalization of the curriculum of higher education. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, (), –. 10.5430/jct.v9n3p13
    https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v9n3p13 [Google Scholar]
  34. Khanal, J., & Gaulee, U.
    (2019) Challenges of international students from pre-departure to post-study: A literature review. Journal of International Students, (), –. 10.32674/jis.v9i2.673
    https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i2.673 [Google Scholar]
  35. Kirkpatrick, A.
    (2011) Internationalization or Englishization: Medium of instruction in today’s universities. Centre for Governance and Citizenship, The Hong Kong Institute of Education. https://educoll.lib.eduhk.hk/records/zzxe8rNe
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Knight, J.
    (2003) Updating the definition of internationalization. International Higher Education, (), –. 10.6017/ihe.2003.33.7391
    https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2003.33.7391 [Google Scholar]
  37. Kramsch, C., & Hua, Z.
    (2016) Language and culture in ELT. InG. Hall (Ed.), Routledge handbook of English language teaching (pp.–). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315676203‑5
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315676203-5 [Google Scholar]
  38. Krsmanovic, M.
    (2021) The synthesis and future directions of empirical research on international students in the United States: The insights from one decade. Journal of International Students, (), –. 10.32674/jis.v11i1.1955
    https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i1.1955 [Google Scholar]
  39. Kubota, R.
    (2015) Neoliberal paradoxes of language learning: Xenophobia and international communication. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, (), –. 10.1080/01434632.2015.1071825
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1071825 [Google Scholar]
  40. Kubota, R., Lin, A., Rich, S., & Troudi, S.
    (2006) Hard times: Arab TESOL students’ experiences of racialization and othering in the United Kingdom. TESOL Quarterly, (), –. 10.2307/40264548
    https://doi.org/10.2307/40264548 [Google Scholar]
  41. Lantz-Deaton, C.
    (2017) Internationalisation and the development of students’ intercultural competence. Teaching in Higher Education, (), –. 10.1080/13562517.2016.1273209
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2016.1273209 [Google Scholar]
  42. Lave, J., & Wenger, E.
    (1991) Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511815355
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815355 [Google Scholar]
  43. Leask, B.
    (2015) Internationalizing the curriculum. Routledge. 10.4324/9781315716954
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315716954 [Google Scholar]
  44. Li, M.
    (2015) A case of difficult acculturation: A Chinese student in a New Zealand university. InE. Christopher (Ed.), International management and intercultural communication (pp.–). Springer. 10.1007/978‑1‑137‑55325‑6_4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-55325-6_4 [Google Scholar]
  45. Lin, H. Y.
    (2020) Perceptions of the Englishization of higher education in Taiwan: Implementation and implications. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, (), –. 10.1080/13670050.2019.1579778
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1579778 [Google Scholar]
  46. Martirosyan, N. M., Hwang, E., & Moore, G. W.
    (2016) Academic and social support services for international students: Current practices. Journal of International Students, (), –. 10.32674/jis.v9i1.275
    https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i1.275 [Google Scholar]
  47. Matsunaga, K., Chowdhury, R., Barnes, M. M., & Saito, E.
    (2018) The international education experience: Identity formation and audibility through participation, adjustment, and resistance. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, (), –. 10.1080/01596306.2018.1549535
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2018.1549535 [Google Scholar]
  48. Mendoza, C., Dervin, F., & Layne, H.
    (2023) “Integration is not a one-way process”: Students negotiating meanings of integration and internationalization at home (IaH) in Finnish higher education. Higher Education Research & Development, (), –. 10.1080/07294360.2023.2193731
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2193731 [Google Scholar]
  49. Monceri, F.
    (2022) Intercultural communication: the pros and cons of being a ‘Discipline.’Language and Intercultural Communication, (), –. 10.1080/14708477.2022.2056611
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2022.2056611 [Google Scholar]
  50. Mitchell, R., Tracy-Ventura, N., & Huensch, A.
    (2020) After study abroad: The maintenance of multilingual identity among Anglophone languages graduates. The Modern Language Journal, (), –. 10.1111/modl.12636
    https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12636 [Google Scholar]
  51. Mittelmeier, J., Lomer, S., Cockayne, H., & He, R.
    (2023) Mapping the subfield of existing research with international students. InJ. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (Eds.), Research with international students: Critical conceptual and methodological considerations (pp.–). Routledge. 10.4324/9781003290803‑4
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-4 [Google Scholar]
  52. Myles, J., & Cheng, L.
    (2003) The social and cultural life of non-native English-speaking international graduate students at a Canadian university. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, (), –. 10.1016/S1475‑1585(03)00028‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S1475-1585(03)00028-6 [Google Scholar]
  53. Oduwaye, O., Kiraz, A., & Sorakin, Y.
    (2023) A trend analysis of the challenges of international students over 21 years. Sage Open, (), –. 10.1177/21582440231210387
    https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231210387 [Google Scholar]
  54. Page, C.
    (2022) Linguistic racism, deficit constructions, and the othering of international students. InC. Cho & J. Corkett (Eds.), Global perspectives on microaggressions in higher education (pp.–). Routledge. 10.4324/9781003244394‑4
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003244394-4 [Google Scholar]
  55. Pandian, A.
    (2008) Multiculturalism in higher education: A case study of Middle Eastern students’ perceptions and experiences in a Malaysian University. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Paradowski, M. B., Cierpich-Kozieł, A., Chen, C.-C., & Ochab, J. K.
    (2024) Peer interaction dynamics and second language learning during study abroad: A longitudinal computational social network analysis. Language Learning, (), –. 10.1111/lang.12681
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12681 [Google Scholar]
  57. Park, E.
    (2022) Coping with diverse accented English: Comprehension strategies employed by East Asian international students at an Australian university. International Education Journal, (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Pho, H., & Schartner, A.
    (2019) Social contact patterns of international students and their impact on academic adaptation. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, (), –. 10.1080/01434632.2019.1707214
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1707214 [Google Scholar]
  59. Preece, S.
    (2020) Postgraduate students as plurilingual social actors in UK higher education. Language, Culture and Curriculum, (), –. 10.1080/07908318.2019.1676767
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2019.1676767 [Google Scholar]
  60. Rich, S.
    (2005) Linguistically and culturally diverse student’s perceptions of successful classroom practice in a UK graduate program. Across the Disciplines: A Journal of Language, Learning and Academic Writing, (), –. 10.37514/ATD‑J.2005.2.2.03
    https://doi.org/10.37514/ATD-J.2005.2.2.03 [Google Scholar]
  61. Sawir, E., Marginson, S., Forbes-Mewett, H., Nyland, C., & Ramia, G.
    (2012) International student security and English language proficiency. Journal of Studies in International Education, (), –. 10.1177/1028315311435418
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315311435418 [Google Scholar]
  62. Schweisfurth, M., & Gu, Q.
    (2009) Exploring the experiences of international students in UK higher education: Possibilities and limits of interculturality in university life. Intercultural Education, (), –. 10.1080/14675980903371332
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980903371332 [Google Scholar]
  63. Sengupta, E.
    (2018) Islamophobia and mobility of Kurdish students from Northern Iraq. InK. Bista (Ed.), International student mobility and opportunities for growth in the global marketplace (pp.–). IGI Global. 10.4018/978‑1‑5225‑3451‑8.ch003
    https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3451-8.ch003 [Google Scholar]
  64. Sobkowiak, P.
    (2019) The impact of studying abroad on students’ intercultural competence: An interview study. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, (), –. 10.14746/ssllt.2019.9.4.6
    https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2019.9.4.6 [Google Scholar]
  65. Spencer-Oatey, H., & Dauber, D.
    (2019) Internationalisation and student diversity: How far are the opportunity benefits being perceived and exploited?Higher Education, , –. 10.1007/s10734‑019‑00386‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00386-4 [Google Scholar]
  66. Spangler, V., & Adriansen, H. K.
    (2021) Space, place and internationalisation of higher education: Exploring everyday social practices in the ‘international’ classroom. Population, Space and Place, (). 10.1002/psp.2458
    https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2458 [Google Scholar]
  67. Strawbridge, T.
    (2023) The relationship between social network typology, L2 proficiency growth, and curriculum design in university study abroad. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, (), –. 10.1017/S0272263123000049
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263123000049 [Google Scholar]
  68. Taha, N., & Cox, A.
    (2014) International students’ networks: A case study in a UK university. Studies in Higher Education, (), –. 10.1080/03075079.2014.927851
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.927851 [Google Scholar]
  69. Tajvar, M., Ahmadizadeh, E., Sajadi, H. S., & Shaqura, I. I.
    (2024) Challenges facing international students at Iranian universities: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Medical Education, , –. 10.1186/s12909‑024‑05167‑x
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05167-x [Google Scholar]
  70. Tavares, V.
    (2021) Feeling excluded: International students experience equity, diversity and inclusion. International Journal of Inclusive Education, (), –. 10.1080/13603116.2021.2008536
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2021.2008536 [Google Scholar]
  71. Taylor, G., & Ali, N.
    (2017) Learning and living overseas: Exploring factors that influence meaningful learning and assimilation: How international students adjust to studying in the UK from a socio-cultural perspective. Education Sciences, (). 10.3390/educsci7010035
    https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci7010035 [Google Scholar]
  72. Teng, F., & Bui, G.
    (2020) Thai university students studying in China: Identity, imagined communities, and communities of practice. Applied Linguistics Review, (), –. 10.1515/applirev‑2017‑0109
    https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0109 [Google Scholar]
  73. Terry, K. M. K.
    (2021) At the intersection of SLA and sociolinguistics: The predictive power of social networks during study abroad. The Modern Language Journal, (), –. 10.1111/modl.12763
    https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12763 [Google Scholar]
  74. Tsang, A.
    (2020) Examining the relationship between language and cross-cultural encounters: avenues for promoting intercultural interaction. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, (), –. 10.1080/01434632.2020.1725526
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1725526 [Google Scholar]
  75. Umino, T., & Benson, P.
    (2016) Communities of practice in study abroad: A four-year study of an Indonesian student’s experience in Japan. The Modern Language Journal, (), –. 10.1111/modl.12351
    https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12351 [Google Scholar]
  76. UNESCO Institute for Statistics
  77. Vasquez Diaz, K. R., & Iqbal, J.
    (2024) Challenges faced by international students in understanding British accents and their mitigation strategies — A mixed methods study. Education Sciences, (). 10.3390/educsci14070784
    https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14070784 [Google Scholar]
  78. Volet, S. E., & Ang, G.
    (1998) Culturally mixed groups on international campuses: An opportunity for inter-cultural learning. Higher Education Research & Development, (), –. 10.1080/0729436980170101
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0729436980170101 [Google Scholar]
  79. Warner-Ault, A., Kentengian, I. M., & Stauff, J. W.
    (2021) Study abroad and communities of practice: Understanding how communities form and sustain themselves in short-term programs. InG. Malfatti (Ed.), People-centered approaches toward the internationalization of higher education (pp.–). IGI Global. 10.4018/978‑1‑7998‑3796‑1.ch006
    https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3796-1.ch006 [Google Scholar]
  80. Wenger, E.
    (1998) Communities of practice. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511803932
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803932 [Google Scholar]
  81. Wolf, D. M., & Phung, L.
    (2019) Studying in the United States: Language learning challenges, strategies, and support services. Journal of International Students, (), –. 10.32674/jis.v9i1.273
    https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i1.273 [Google Scholar]
  82. Wu, H. P., Garza, E., & Guzman, N.
    (2015) International student’s challenge and adjustment to college. Education Research International, , –. 10.1155/2015/202753
    https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/202753 [Google Scholar]
  83. Yeung, E. Y. W., Muchena, G., & Howson, C. A.
    (2025) Linguistic challenges in practice learning: The experiences of international social work and nursing students in England. Social Work Education, –. 10.1080/02615479.2025.2497886
    https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2025.2497886 [Google Scholar]
  84. Young, T. J., & Schartner, A.
    (2014) The effects of cross-cultural communication education on international students’ adjustment and adaptation. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, (), –. 10.1080/01434632.2014.884099
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.884099 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/sar.24019.lou
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/sar.24019.lou
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error