1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Studies in Language. International Journal sponsored by the Foundation “Foundations of Language”
  4. Volume 48, Issue 3
  5. Article
Volume 48, Issue 3
  • ISSN 0378-4177
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9978
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This article investigates the grammaticalization patterns of evidentiality from a cross-linguistic perspective with a focus on Lhasa Tibetan. It documents the history of the evidential morphemes , and = from Old Literary Tibetan to modern spoken Lhasa Tibetan. Our analyses show that these morphemes started grammaticalizing before encoding evidentiality. We argue that, through pragmatic strengthening, evidentiality tends to infiltrate forms which have already grammaticalized to express other semantic domains. These patterns of grammaticalization are confirmed by diachronic and reconstructed data from genetically unrelated languages. Evidentiality thus tends to be a ‘grammaticalization passenger’ (i.e., a conventionalized meaning which used to be merely implied from the recurrent contexts of a grammaticalized form) rather than a ‘grammaticalization target’ (i.e., a functional domain which triggers grammaticalization). This may explain why evidentiality is less often grammaticalized than other notions, such as time or modality, in the world’s languages.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/sl.23009.mel
2024-01-29
2024-10-06

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/sl.23009.mel
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.
    2004 Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780199263882.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199263882.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  2. 2011 The grammaticalization of evidentiality. InHeiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, 605–613. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199586783.013.0049
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199586783.013.0049 [Google Scholar]
  3. (ed.) 2018a The Oxford handbook of evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.001.0001
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  4. 2018b Evidentiality: The framework. InAlexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford handbook of evidentiality, 1–43. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.1
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.1 [Google Scholar]
  5. AnderBois, Scott
    2014 On the exceptional status of reportative evidentials. On the exceptional status of reportative evidentials. Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT)241. 234–254. Ithaca, New York: LSA and CLC Publications. 10.3765/salt.v24i0.2424
     https://doi.org/10.3765/salt.v24i0.2424 [Google Scholar]
  6. Ansaldo, Umberto, Walter Bisang & Pui Yiu Szeto
    2018 Grammaticalization in isolating languages and the notion of complexity. InHeiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds.), Grammaticalization from a typological perspective, 219–234. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0011
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795841.003.0011 [Google Scholar]
  7. Aronson, Howard I.
    1982 Georgian: A reading grammar. Columbus: Slavica.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bakker, Peter
    2006 Algonquian verb structure: Plains Cree. InGrażyna J. Rowicka & Eithine B. Carlin (eds.), What’s in a verb? Studies in the verbal morphology of the languages of the America, 3–27. Utrecht: LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bartee, Ellen Lynn
    2007 A grammar of Dongwang Tibetan. Santa Barbara: University of California at Santa Barbara PhD dissertation.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Bialek, Joanna
    2018 The Proto-Tibetan clusters sL- and sR- and the periodisation of Old Tibetan. Himalayan Linguistics17(2). 1–50. 10.5070/H917238831
     https://doi.org/10.5070/H917238831 [Google Scholar]
  11. 2021 Naming the empire: From Bod to Tibet. A philologico-historical study on the origin of the polity. Revue d’Études Tibétaines611. 339–402.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 2022 A textbook in Classical Tibetan. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 2023 “bcan pos who were not khri: Royal titulature and the succession to the throne in the Tibetan Empire.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies86 (1): 121–146. 10.1017/S0041977X23000150
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X23000150 [Google Scholar]
  14. Bielmeier, Roland, Katrin Häsler, Chungda Haller, Felix Haller, Veronika Hein, Brigitte Huber, Marianne Volkart, Thomas Preiswerk, Ngawang Tsering, Manuel Widmer, & Marius Zemp
    2018 Comparative dictionary of Tibetan dialects (CDTD). Volume21: Verbs. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Bielmeier, Roland
    2004 Shafer’s proto-West Bodish hypothesis and the formation of the Tibetan verb paradigms. InAnju Saxena (ed.), Himalayan languages, past and present, 395–412. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110898873.395
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110898873.395 [Google Scholar]
  16. Bisang, Walter, Andrej Malchukov, Iris Rieder, Linlin Sun, Marvin Martiny & Svenja Luell
    2020 Position paper: Universal and areal patterns in grammaticalization. InWalter Bisang & Andrej Malchukov (eds.) Grammaticalization scenarios from Europe and Asia. Volume11, 1–88. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110563146‑001
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110563146-001 [Google Scholar]
  17. Blass, Regina
    1989 Grammaticalisation of interpretive use: The case of re in Sissala. Lingua79(4). 299–326. 10.1016/0024‑3841(89)90060‑0
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(89)90060-0 [Google Scholar]
  18. Botne, Robert
    1995 The pronominal origin of an evidential. Diachronica12(2). 201–221. 10.1075/dia.12.2.03bot
     https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.12.2.03bot [Google Scholar]
  19. Boye, Kasper & Peter Harder
    2012 A usage-based theory of grammatical status and grammaticalization. Language88(1).1–44. 10.1353/lan.2012.0020
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0020 [Google Scholar]
  20. Brosig, Benjamin & Elena Skribnik
    2018 Evidentiality in Mongolic. InAlexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford handbook of evidentiality, 554–579. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.26
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.26 [Google Scholar]
  21. Bybee, Joan & William Pagliuca
    1987 The evolution of future meaning. InAnna Giacalone Ramat, Onofrio Carruba & Giuliano Bernini (eds.), Papers from the 7th international conference on historical linguistics, 109–122. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.48.09byb
     https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.48.09byb [Google Scholar]
  22. Bybee, Joan L. & Östen Dahl
    1989 The creation of tense and aspect systems in the languages of the world. Studies in Language131. 51–103. 10.1075/sl.13.1.03byb
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.13.1.03byb [Google Scholar]
  23. Bybee, Joan
    2003 Cognitive processes in grammaticalization. InMichael Tomasello (ed.), The new psychology of language, 151–174. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Chang, Kun & Betty Chang
    1984 The certainty hierarchy among Spoken Tibetan verbs of being. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica55(4). 603–635.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. COCA: Corpus of Contemporary American English. Mark Davis
    (2008–) Available at: https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/ (last access14 December 2023).
  26. Coronel-Molina, Serafín M.
    2011 Marcadores de evidencialidad en hablantes bilingües de Quechua- Castellano. InWillem F. H. Adelaar, Pilar Valenzuela Bismarck & Roberto Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), Estudios sobre lenguas andinas y amazónicas. Homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, 391–411. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fondo Editorial. 10.18800/9789972429729.018
     https://doi.org/10.18800/9789972429729.018 [Google Scholar]
  27. Cristofaro, Sonia
    2019 Taking diachronic evidence seriously: Result-oriented vs. source-oriented explanations of typological universals. InKarsten Schmidtke-Bode, Natalia Levshina, Susanne M. Michaelis & Ilja Seržant (eds.). Explanation in typology: Diachronic sources, functional motivations and the nature of the evidence, 25–46. Berlin: Language Science Press. Available atlangsci-press.org/catalog/book/220 (last access14 December 2023).
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Dahl, Östen & Viveka Velupillai
    2013 Perfective/Imperfective Aspect. InMatthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), WALS Online (v2020.3) [Data set]. Zenodo. 10.5281/zenodo.7385533 (Available online atwals.info/chapter/65, last access19 May 2023.)
     https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7385533 [Google Scholar]
  29. Davoine, Justine
    2010 Paraît qu’ c’est joli la vie d’Juliette. Hallennes-Lez-Haubourdin
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Dba’ = Dba’ bzhed, apud Pasang Wangdu & Hildegard Diemberger
    2000.
  31. de Jong, Jan Willem
    1959 Mi la ras paʼi rnam thar: texte tibétain de la vie de Milarépa. Hague: Mouton. 10.1515/9783112313008
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112313008 [Google Scholar]
  32. DeLancey, Scott
    1985 Lhasa Tibetan evidentials and the semantics of causation. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 65–72.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Dendale, Patrick, & Liliane Tasmowski
    2001 Introduction Evidentiality and related notions. Journal of Pragmatics33(3). 339–348. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(00)00005‑9
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00005-9 [Google Scholar]
  34. Dendale, Patrick
    1993 Le conditionnel de l’information incertaine: Marqueur modal ou marqueur évidentiel?InGerold Hitty (ed.), Actes du 20e Congrès international de linguistique et philologie romanes, Volume11, 165–176. Halle: Francke.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Denwood, Philip
    2007 The language history of Tibetan. InRoland Bielmeier & Felix Haller (eds.), Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond, 47–70. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110968996.47
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110968996.47 [Google Scholar]
  36. Doney, Lewis
    (ed.) 2020 Bringing Buddhism to Tibet. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110715309
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110715309 [Google Scholar]
  37. Eberhard, David M.
    2018 Evidentiality in Nambikwara languages. InAlexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford handbook of evidentiality, 333–356. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.17
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.17 [Google Scholar]
  38. Ebihara, Shiho
    2017 Evidentiality of the Tibetan verb snang. InLauren Gawne & Nathan W. Hill (eds.). Evidential systems of Tibetan languages, 41–59. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110473742‑002
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110473742-002 [Google Scholar]
  39. Èdel’man, Džoy J. I.
    1975 Kategorii vremeni i vida. InVera S. Rastorgueva (ed.), Opyt istoriko-tipologičeskogo issledovanija iranskix jazykov, Volume21, 337–411. Moscow: Nauka.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. 2000 Šungano- rušanskaja gruppa. InVera S. Rastorugueva (ed.), Iranskie jazyki III: Vostočnoiranskie iranskie jaziky, 208–224. Moscow: Indrik.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Emkow, Carola
    2012 Araona. InMily Crevels & Pieter Muysken (eds.), Lenguas de Bolivia. Tomo21: Amazonía, 155–189. La Paz: Plural Editores.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Esteban, Avelino Corral
    2015 Layers and operators in Lakota. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics361. 1–33.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Fortescue, Michael
    2003 Evidentiality in West Greenlandic: A case of scattered coding. InAlexandra Y. Aikhenvald & Robert M. W. Dixon (eds.), Studies in evidentiality, 291–306. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.54.16for
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.54.16for [Google Scholar]
  44. Friedman, Victor A.
    2018 Where do evidentials come from?InAlexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford handbook of evidentiality, 124–147. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.6
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.6 [Google Scholar]
  45. Gallica
    Gallica = https://gallica.bnf.fr/ (last access14 December 2023).
  46. Garrett, Edward John
    2001 Evidentiality and assertion in Tibetan. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles PhD dissertation.
  47. Gildea, Spike & Jóhanna Barðdal
    2022 From grammaticalization to Diachronic Construction Grammar: A natural evolution of the paradigm. Studies in Language47(4), 743–788.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. GLR = Bsod-nams Rgyal-mtshan
    GLR = Bsod-nams Rgyal-mtshan 1750–1760 [1368] Rgyal rabs gsal ba’i me long. Edited byBla-ma chen-po Kun-dga’ ’Phrin-las Rgya-mtsho. Sde-dge.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Haspelmath, Martin
    2000 The relevance of extravagance: A reply to Bart Geurts. Linguistics381. 789–798. 10.1515/ling.2000.007
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2000.007 [Google Scholar]
  50. 2019 Can cross-linguistic regularities be explained by constraints on change?InKarsten Schmidtke-Bode, Natalia Levshina, Susanne M. Michaelis & Ilja Seržant (eds.), Explanation in typology: Diachronic sources, functional motivations and the nature of the evidence, 1–23. Berlin: Language Science Press. langsci-press.org/catalog/book/220 (last access14 December 2023).
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Heine, Bernd, Heiko Narrog & Haiping Long
    2016 Constructional change vs. grammaticalization: From compounding to derivation. Studies in Language40(1). 137–175. 10.1075/sl.40.1.05hei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.1.05hei [Google Scholar]
  52. Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi & Friederike Hünnemeyer
    1991 From cognition to grammar: Evidence from African languages. InElizabeth C. Traugott & Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization, 149–187. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.19.1.09hei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.19.1.09hei [Google Scholar]
  53. Heine, Bernd
    2003 Grammaticalization. InBrian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda (eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics, 575–601. Oxford: Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470756393.ch18
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756393.ch18 [Google Scholar]
  54. Hill, Nathan W.
    2013 ḥdug as a testimonial marker in Classical and Old Tibetan. Himalayan Linguistics12(1). 1–16.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. 2017 Perfect experiential constructions: The inferential semantics of direct evidence. InLauren Gawne & Nathan W. Hill (eds.), Evidential systems of Tibetan languages, 131–159. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110473742‑005
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110473742-005 [Google Scholar]
  56. Hilpert, Martin
    2013 Constructional change in English: Developments in allomorphy, word formation, and syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139004206
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139004206 [Google Scholar]
  57. Himmelmann, Nikolaus P.
    2004 Lexicalization and grammaticization: Opposite or orthogonal. InWalter Bisang, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann & Björn Wiemer (eds.), What makes grammaticalization – A look from its fringes and its components, 21–42. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110197440.1.21
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197440.1.21 [Google Scholar]
  58. Hongladarom, Krisadawan
    1994 Historical development of the Tibetan evidential tuu. InHajime Kitamura, Tatsuo Nishida & Yasuhiko Nagano (eds.), Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, 673–684. Osaka: The Organizing Committee, The 26th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics.
     [Google Scholar]
  59. 2007 Grammatical peculiarities of two dialects of southern Kham Tibetan. InRoland Bielmeier & Felix Haller (eds.), Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond, 119–152. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110968996.119
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110968996.119 [Google Scholar]
  60. Hopper, Paul J. & Elizabeth C. Traugott
    2003 Grammaticalization, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139165525
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165525 [Google Scholar]
  61. Hopper, Paul J.
    1991 On some principles of grammaticization. InBernd Heine & Elizabeth C. Traugott (eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization, 17–35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.19.1.04hop
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.19.1.04hop [Google Scholar]
  62. IDP = International Dunhuang Project
    IDP = International Dunhuang Project. idp.bl.uk/
  63. Izvorski, Roumyana
    1997 The present perfect as an epistemic modal. InAaron Lawson (ed.), Proceedings from semantics and linguistic theoryVII1, 222–239. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. 10.3765/salt.v7i0.2795
     https://doi.org/10.3765/salt.v7i0.2795 [Google Scholar]
  64. Kany, Charles E.
    1944 Impersonal dizque and its variants in American Spanish. Hispanic Review12(2). 168–177. 10.2307/469712
     https://doi.org/10.2307/469712 [Google Scholar]
  65. Kitamura, Hajime
    1977 Tibetan: Lhasa Dialect. Tokyo: Asia Africa Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo, Tokyo Gaikokugo Daigaku.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Krug, Manfred G.
    2000 Emerging modals. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110820980
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110820980 [Google Scholar]
  67. Kuryłowicz, Jerzy
    1975 [1965] The evolution of grammatical categories. Esquisses linguistiques21. 38–54.
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Kuteva, Tania
    1995 The Auxiliation Constraint and Reference. InRichard Geiger (ed.), Reference in multidisciplinary perspective: Philosophical object, cognitive subject, intersubjective process, 374–386. Hildesheim: Olms.
     [Google Scholar]
  69. 2004 Auxiliation: An enquiry into the nature of grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Kuteva, Tania, Bernd Heine, Bo Hong, Haiping Long, Heiko Narrog & Seongha Rhee
    (eds.) 2019 World lexicon of grammaticalization. 2nd edn.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781316479704
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316479704 [Google Scholar]
  71. Labov, William
    2001 Principles of linguistic change. Social factors. Malden: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  72. 2007 Transmission and diffusion. Language83(2). 344–387. 10.1353/lan.2007.0082
     https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2007.0082 [Google Scholar]
  73. LaPolla, Randy J.
    2003 Dulong. InGraham Thurgood & Randy J. LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan languages, 674–682. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Lehmann, Christian
    1995 [1982] Thoughts on grammaticalization. Munich: Lincom Europa.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. 1989 Grammatikalisierung und lexikalisierung. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung42(1). 11–19. 10.1515/stuf‑1989‑0103
     https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-1989-0103 [Google Scholar]
  76. Lewis, Geoffrey L.
    1985 [1967] Turkish grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Loughnane, Robyn
    2009 A grammar of Oksapmin. Melbourne: University of Melbourne PhD dissertation.
  78. Maisak, Timur & Solmaz Merdanova
    2002 Kategorija evidencial’nosti v agul’skom jazyke, Kavkazovedenie11. 102–112.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Mélac, Éric
    2014 L’évidentialité en anglais: Approche contrastive à partir d’un corpus anglais-tibétain. Paris: Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris 3 PhD dissertation.
  80. 2018 Pour une taxonomie du changement linguistique: Comment redéfinir la grammaticalisation. InSylvie Hancil (ed.), Fonctionnements linguistiques et grammaticalisation, 29–57. Limoges: Lambert-Lucas.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. 2021 Evidentiality and its grammaticalization in French: A contrastive study based on a spoken French-Tibetan corpus. Presented atSocietas Linguistica Europaea (30 August – 3 September 2021).
     [Google Scholar]
  82. 2022 The grammaticalization of evidentiality in English. English Language & Linguistics26(2). 331–359. 10.1017/S1360674321000101
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674321000101 [Google Scholar]
  83. 2023 The pragmatic differences between grammatical and lexical evidentiality: A corpus-based study of Tibetan and English. Journal of Pragmatics2101. 143–156. 10.1016/j.pragma.2023.03.017
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2023.03.017 [Google Scholar]
  84. Mélac, Eric, Nicolas Tournadre & Alexandra Aikhenvald
    . Forthcoming. Speaking of oneself in multi-term evidential systems: From the Himalayas to Amazonia.
     [Google Scholar]
  85. ML = Mi-la Ras-pa’s Rnam thar, apud de Jong
    ML = Mi-la Ras-pa’s Rnam thar, apud de Jong 1959.
  86. Norde, Muriel
    2012 Lehmann’s parameters revisited. InBert Cornillie & Hubert Cuyckens (eds.), Grammaticalization and language change: New reflections, 73–109. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.130.04nor
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.130.04nor [Google Scholar]
  87. Oisel, Guillaume
    2013 Morphosyntaxe et sémantique des auxiliaires et des connecteurs du tibétain littéraire: étude diachronique et synchronique. Paris: Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris 3 PhD dissertation.
  88. 2017a On the origin of the Lhasa Tibetan evidentials song and byung. InLauren Gawne & Nathan W. Hill (eds.), Evidential systems of Tibetan languages, 161–183. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110473742‑006
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110473742-006 [Google Scholar]
  89. 2017b Re-evaluation of the evidential system of Lhasa Tibetan and its atypical functions. Himalayan linguistics16(2). 90–128.
     [Google Scholar]
  90. OTDO = Old Tibetan Documents
    OTDO = Old Tibetan DocumentsOnline: https://otdo.aa-ken.jp/ (last access15 December 2023).
  91. Seiler, Walter
    1985 Imonda, a Papuan language. Canberra: The Australian National University.
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Slobin, Dan I. & Ayhan A. Aksu
    1982 Tense, aspect and modality in the use of the Turkish evidential. InPaul J. Hopper (ed.), Tense-aspect: Between semantics and pragmatics, 185–200. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/tsl.1.13slo
     https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.1.13slo [Google Scholar]
  93. Slobin, Dan I.
    1997 The origins of grammaticizable notions: Beyond the individual mind. InDan I. Slobin (ed.), The cross-linguistic study of language acquisition, Volume51: Expanding the contexts, 265–324. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Squartini, Mario
    2001 The internal structure of evidentiality in Romance. Studies in Language25(2). 297–334. 10.1075/sl.25.2.05squ
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.25.2.05squ [Google Scholar]
  95. 2018 Extragrammatical expression of information source. InAlexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford handbook of evidentiality, 273–285. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.14
     https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.14 [Google Scholar]
  96. Suzuki, Hiroyuki
    . Forthcoming. Functional transition from ‘hear’ to nonvisual sensory and hearsay evidential categories: A case study of rGyalthang Tibetan.
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Talmy, Leonard
    2000 Toward a cognitive semantics, Volume11: Concept structuring systems. Harvard, MA: MIT Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Tatevosov, Sergei
    2001 From resultatives to evidentials: multiple uses of the perfect in Nakh-Dagestanian languages, Journal of Pragmatics33(3). 443–464. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(00)00012‑6
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00012-6 [Google Scholar]
  99. 2007 Évidencial’nost’ i admirativ v bagvalinskom jazyke. inViktor S. Chrakovskij (ed.), Évidencial’nost’ v jazykax Evropy i Azii, 351–397. Moscow: Nauka.
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Telles, Stella & W. Leo Wetzels
    2006 Evidentiality and epistemic mood in Lakondê. InGrazyna J. Rowicka & Eithne B. Carlin (eds.), What’s in a verb? Studies in the verbal morphology of the languages of the Americas, 235–252. Utrecht, The Netherlands: LOT Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Thornell, Christina
    1997 The Sango language and its lexicon (Sêndâ-yângâ tî sängö). Lund: Lund University.
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Tournadre, Nicolas & Sangda Dorje
    2003 Manual of Standard Tibetan: Language and civilization. (1st ed.in 1996 Manuel de tibétain standard. L’Asiathèque). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion.
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Tournadre, Nicolas & Hiroyuki Suzuki
    2023 The Tibetic languages: An introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan. Villejuif: LACITO.
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Tournadre, Nicolas
    1994 Personne et médiatifs en tibétain. Faits de langues2(3). 149–158. 10.3406/flang.1994.918
     https://doi.org/10.3406/flang.1994.918 [Google Scholar]
  105. 1996a Comparaison des systèmes médiatifs en tibétain central, ladakhi, dzongkha et amdo. InZlatka Guentchéva (ed.) 1996 L’Énonciation médiatisée, 195–213. Paris: Peeters.
     [Google Scholar]
  106. 1996b L’ergativité en tibétain: Approche morphosyntaxique de la langue parlée. Paris: Peeters.
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Tribur, Zoe
    2017 Observations on factors affecting the distributional properties of evidential markers in Amdo Tibetan. InLauren Gawne & Nathan W. Hill (eds.). Evidential systems of Tibetan languages, 367–421. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110473742‑012
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110473742-012 [Google Scholar]
  108. Van Driem, George
    1998 Dzongkha. Leiden: Leiden University Research School CNWS.
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Vokurková, Zuzana
    2008 Epistemic modalities in spoken Standard Tibetan. Paris: Filozofická Fakulta Univerzity Karlovy – Université Paris 8 PhD dissertation.
  110. 2017 Epistemic modality in spoken standard Tibetian: epistemic verbal endings and copulas. Prague: Charles University, Karolinum Press. 10.2307/jj.362405
     https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.362405 [Google Scholar]
  111. Vykypěl, Bohumil
    2010 Das Problem der sprachlichen elementarverwandtschaft. Munich: Lincom.
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Wangdu, Pasang & Hildegard Diemberger
    2000 dBa’ bzhed: the royal narrative concerning the bringing of the Buddha’s doctrine to Tibet. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Wiemer, Björn & Juana I. Marin-Arrese
    (eds.) 2022 Evidential marking in European languages: Toward a unitary comparative account. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110726077
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110726077 [Google Scholar]
  114. Wylie, Turrell
    1959 A standard system of Tibetan transcription. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies221. 261–267. 10.2307/2718544
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2718544 [Google Scholar]
  115. Zeisler, Bettina
    2017a Don’t believe in a paradigm that you haven’t manipulated yourself! Evidentiality, speaker attitude, and admirativity in Ladakhi. Review of Cognitive Linguistics15(2). 515–539. 10.1075/rcl.15.2.09zei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.15.2.09zei [Google Scholar]
  116. 2017b The emergence of the Ladakhi inferential and experiential markers from a marker for admirativity (non-commitment): The case of ḥdug and snaŋ. Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics4(2). 259–307. 10.1515/jsall‑2017‑0009
     https://doi.org/10.1515/jsall-2017-0009 [Google Scholar]
  117. 2018 Evidence for the development of ‘evidentiality’ as a grammatical category in the Tibetic languages. InAd Foolen, Helen de Hoop & Gijs Mulder (eds.), Evidence for evidentiality, 227–256. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/hcp.61.10zei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.61.10zei [Google Scholar]
  118. Zemp, Marius
    2018 A grammar of Purik Tibetan. Leiden: Brill. 10.1163/9789004366312
     https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004366312 [Google Scholar]
  119. Ziegeler, Debra
    1997 Retention in ontogenetic and diachronic grammaticalization. Cognitive Linguistics81. 207–241. 10.1515/cogl.1997.8.3.207
     https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1997.8.3.207 [Google Scholar]
  120. Zipf, George Kingsley
    1949 Human behavior and the principle of least-effort: An introduction to human ecology. Cambridge: Addison Wesley.
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/sl.23009.mel
Loading
Evidentiality as a grammaticalization passenger
Studies in Language. International Journal sponsored by the Foundation “Foundations of Language” 48, 638 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.23009.mel
/content/journals/10.1075/sl.23009.mel
/content/journals/10.1075/sl.23009.mel
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): cross-linguistic; diachrony; evidentiality; grammaticalization; Tibetan

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error