Volume 33, Issue 2
GBP
Buy:£15.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Difficulties have long been observed in communicating legal rights to some Aboriginal people in Australia. In the Northern Territory, audio translations of the right to silence in Aboriginal languages can be used in police interviews. This study examines two sets of audio translations in two Aboriginal languages. Also included in each case are front-translations – intermediate English texts used to facilitate translation – as well as the legal texts that likely informed the translations. The audio translations include far more explicit information than either legal texts of the right, or oral explanations from police (evidenced in transcripts from police interviews). Analyses of context and implicature highlight that the legal text of the right is indeterminate: It is unclear what the text is intended to imply and communicate. Aboriginal translators are better placed than legal communicators to develop informative texts, because of their audience knowledge and intercultural skill. However, translators can only work with meaning provided or approved by their clients. Legal authorities, not translators, should be responsible for deciding the information to be communicated about rights, to meet the objectives of policies about rights. When the challenging and imperfect nature of intercultural legal translation is recognised, translators can use their insight into legal meaning to greatly improve communication with target audiences.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/target.19181.bow
2021-02-05
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aboriginal Interpreter Service
    Aboriginal Interpreter Service 2015a “Police Caution in Yolngu Matha (Djambarrpuyngu) for a Person in Custody.” YouTube video, 2:10. https://youtu.be/h2YhiQU1Mh0
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Aboriginal Interpreter Service
    Aboriginal Interpreter Service 2015b “Police Caution in Kriol for a Person in Custody.” YouTube video, 1:46. https://youtu.be/eCEmFiokQzw
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Aboriginal Interpreter Service
    Aboriginal Interpreter Service 2015c “ENG001a – Standardised Audio Police Caution (SAPC) – English Front-Translation – in Custody.” https://cmc.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/433393/ENG001a-Standardised-Audio-Police-Caution-SAPC-in-custody.pdf
  4. Aboriginal Interpreter Service
  5. Ainsworth, Janet
    2008 “‘You Have the Right to Remain Silent… But Only If You Ask for It Just So’: The Role of Linguistic Ideology in American Police Interrogation Law.” International Journal of Speech Language and the Law15 (1): 1–21. 10.1558/ijsll.v15i1.1
    https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v15i1.1 [Google Scholar]
  6. 2012 “The Meaning of Silence in the Right to Remain Silent.” InThe Oxford Handbook of Language and Law, edited by Lawrence M. Solan and Peter M. Tiersma . www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572120.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199572120-e-21
    [Google Scholar]
  7. American Bar Association
    American Bar Association 2016 “Resolution 110: An Accurate Translation of the Miranda Warning in Spanish.” House of Delegates of the American Bar Association. https://www.americanbar.org/groups/diversity/commission_on_hispanic_legal_rights_responsibilities/resolution-110/
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Arthur, Jay Mary
    1996Aboriginal English: A Cultural Study. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Atkinson, Caroline Lisbeth
    2008The Violence Continuum: Australian Aboriginal Male Violence and Generational Post-Traumatic Stress. PhD diss.Charles Darwin University. espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:44891
    [Google Scholar]
  10. AUSIT
    AUSIT 2012 “AUSIT Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct.” https://ausit.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Code_Of_Ethics_Full.pdf
  11. Australian Law Reform Commission
    Australian Law Reform Commission 1987Evidence (ALRC Report 38). https://www.alrc.gov.au/report-38
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Australian Law Reform Commission
    Australian Law Reform Commission 2006Uniform Evidence Law (ALRC Report 102). https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/report-102
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Baker, Mona
    2006 “Contextualization in Translator- and Interpreter-Mediated Events.” Journal of Pragmatics38 (3): 321–237. 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.04.010
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.04.010 [Google Scholar]
  14. Battiste, Marie , and James (Sa’ke’j) Youngblood Henderson
    2000Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge. Saskatoon: Purich Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bercea, Raluca
    2014 “Legal Translation and Legal Interpretation: The Epistemological Gap.” The Translator20 (3): 273–289. 10.1080/13556509.2014.927968
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.927968 [Google Scholar]
  16. Berk-Seligson, Susan
    2016 “Totality of Circumstances and Translating the Miranda Warnings.” InDiscursive Constructions of Consent in the Legal Process, edited by Susan Ehrlich , Diana Eades , and Janet Ainsworth , 241–263. New York: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199945351.003.0011
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199945351.003.0011 [Google Scholar]
  17. Bowen, Alex
    2017‘It’s Your Rights, Ok?’: Explaining the Right to Silence to Aboriginal Suspects in the Northern Territory. MA diss.Australian National University. hdl.handle.net/1885/118730
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 2019 “‘You Don’t Have to Say Anything’: Modality and Consequences in Conversations about the Right to Silence in the Northern Territory.” Australian Journal of Linguistics39 (3): 347–374. 10.1080/07268602.2019.1620682
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2019.1620682 [Google Scholar]
  19. Briggs, Joseph , and Russ Scott
    2018 “Police Interviews and Coerced False Confessions: Gibson v Western Australia (2017) 51 WAR 199.” Journal of Judicial Administration28 (1): 22–43.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Carston, Robyn
    2002Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470754603
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470754603 [Google Scholar]
  21. 2013 “Legal Texts and Canons of Construction: A View from Current Pragmatic Theory.” InLaw and Language: Current Legal Issues Volume15, edited by Michael Freeman and Fiona Smith , 8–33. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673667.003.0010
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673667.003.0010 [Google Scholar]
  22. Yolŋu Matha Dictionary
    Yolŋu Matha Dictionary 2014 s.v. “Wurraŋatjarra.” AccessedApril 20, 2020. yolngudictionary.cdu.edu.au
  23. Communication of Rights Group
    Communication of Rights Group 2015 “Guidelines for Communicating Rights to Non-Native Speakers of English in Australia, England and Wales, and the USA.” www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/114873/Communication-of-rights.pdf
  24. Cooke, Michael S.
    1995 “Understood by All Concerned? Anglo/Aboriginal Legal Translation.” InTranslation and the Law, edited by Marshall Morris , 37–63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/ata.viii.04coo
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ata.viii.04coo [Google Scholar]
  25. 1998Anglo/Yolngu Communication in the Criminal Justice System. PhD diss.University of New England. https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/7102
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Cooke, Michael S. , and Helen Yunupingu
    1998Djambarrpuyngu Police Caution Preamble. Unpublished.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Correia, Renato
    2003 “Translation of EU Legal Texts.” InCrossing Barriers and Bridging Cultures: The Challenges of Multilingual Translation for the European Union, edited by Arturo Tosi , 38–44. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Cotterill, Janet
    2000 “Reading the Rights: A Cautionary Tale of Comprehension and Comprehensibility.” International Journal of Speech Language and the Law7 (1): 4–25. 10.1558/sll.2000.7.1.4
    https://doi.org/10.1558/sll.2000.7.1.4 [Google Scholar]
  29. Cunneen, Chris
    2001Conflict, Politics and Crime: Aboriginal Communities and the Police. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Davis, Krista , C. Lindsay Fitzsimmons , and Timothy E. Moore
    2011 “Improving the Comprehensibility of a Canadian Police Caution on the Right to Silence.” Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology26 (2): 87–99. 10.1007/s11896‑011‑9086‑y
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-011-9086-y [Google Scholar]
  31. Eades, Diana
    2000 “I Don’t Think It’s an Answer to the Question: Silencing Aboriginal Witnesses in Court.” Language in Society29 (2): 161–195. 10.1017/S0047404500002013
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500002013 [Google Scholar]
  32. 2008aCourtroom Talk and Neocolonial Control: Language, Power and Social Process. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110208320
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110208320 [Google Scholar]
  33. 2008b “Telling and Retelling Your Story in Court: Questions, Assumptions and Intercultural Implications.” Current Issues in Criminal Justice20 (2): 209–230. 10.1080/10345329.2008.12035805
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2008.12035805 [Google Scholar]
  34. 2012 “Communication with Aboriginal Speakers of English in the Legal Process.” Australian Journal of Linguistics32 (4): 473–489. 10.1080/07268602.2012.744268
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2012.744268 [Google Scholar]
  35. 2018 “Communicating the Right to Silence to Aboriginal Suspects: Lessons from Western Australia v Gibson.” Journal of Judicial Administration28 (1): 4–21.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Eggleston, Elizabeth
    1976Fear, Favour or Affection: Aborigines and the Criminal Law in Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. Canberra: ANU Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Endicott, Timothy
    2011 “The Value of Vagueness.” InPhilosophical Foundations of Language in the Law, edited by Andrei Marmor and Scott Soames , 14–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Englund, Harri
    2006Prisoners of Freedom: Human Rights and the African Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10.1525/9780520940093
    https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520940093 [Google Scholar]
  39. Fairclough, Norman
    1992Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Fenton, Sabine , and Paul Moon
    2002 “The Translation of the Treaty of Waitangi: A Case of Disempowerment.” InTranslation and Power, edited by Maria Tymoczko and Edwin Gentzler , 25–44. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Gentzler, Edwin , and Maria Tymoczko
    2002 “Introduction.” InTranslation and Power, edited by Maria Tymoczko and Edwin Gentzler , xi–xviii. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Gibbons, John
    2001 “Revising the Language of New South Wales Police Procedures: Applied Linguistics in Action.” Applied Linguistics22 (4): 439–469. 10.1093/applin/22.4.439
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.4.439 [Google Scholar]
  43. Glanert, Simone , and Pierre Legrand
    2013 “Foreign Law in Translation: If Truth Be Told…” InLaw and Language: Current Legal Issues Volume15, edited by Michael Freeman and Fiona Smith , 513–532. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673667.003.0316
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673667.003.0316 [Google Scholar]
  44. Gutt, Ernst-August
    2010Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context. 2nd ed.London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Hale, Sandra Beatriz
    2004The Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness and the Interpreter. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/btl.52
    https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.52 [Google Scholar]
  46. 2007 “The Challenges of Court Interpreting: Intricacies, Responsibilities and Ramifications.” Alternative Law Journal32 (4): 198–202. 10.1177/1037969X0703200402
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X0703200402 [Google Scholar]
  47. Harvey, Malcolm
    2000 “A Beginner’s Course in Legal Translation: The Case of Culture-Bound Terms.” ASTTI/ETI2 (24): 357–369.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Heydon, Georgina
    2011 “Silence: Civil Right or Social Privilege? A Discourse Analytic Response to a Legal Problem.” Journal of Pragmatics43 (9): 2308–2316. 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.01.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.01.003 [Google Scholar]
  49. Hjort-Pedersen, Mette , and Dorrit Faber
    2010 “Explicitation and Implicitation in Legal Translation – A Process Study of Trainee Translators.” Meta55 (2): 237–250. 10.7202/044237ar
    https://doi.org/10.7202/044237ar [Google Scholar]
  50. Holcombe, Sarah
    2015 “The Revealing Processes of Interpretation: Translating Human Rights Principles into Pintupi-Luritja.” The Australian Journal of Anthropology26 (3): 428–441. 10.1111/taja.12152
    https://doi.org/10.1111/taja.12152 [Google Scholar]
  51. House, Juliane
    2006 “Text and Context in Translation.” Journal of Pragmatics38 (3): 338–358. 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.06.021
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.06.021 [Google Scholar]
  52. Jakobson, Roman
    1959 “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation.” InOn Translation, edited by Reuben Arthur Brower , 232–239. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Joseph, John E.
    1995 “Indeterminacy, Translation and the Law.” InTranslation and the Law, edited by Marshall Morris , 13–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/ata.viii.03jos
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ata.viii.03jos [Google Scholar]
  54. Katan, David
    1999Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators. Manchester: St Jerome.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 2012 “Cultural Approaches to Translation.” InThe Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, edited by Carol A. Chapelle , 1–7. Oxford: Blackwell. 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0293
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0293 [Google Scholar]
  56. Klaudy, Kinga
    2009 “Explicitation.” InRoutledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, edited by Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha , 104–108. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Kurzon, Dennis
    1996 “To Speak or Not to Speak: The Comprehensibility of the Revised Police Caution (PACE).” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law9 (1): 3–16. 10.1007/BF01130379
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01130379 [Google Scholar]
  58. Laster, Kathy , and Veronica L. Taylor
    1994Interpreters and the Legal System. Sydney: Federation Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Liddicoat, Anthony J.
    2009 “Communication as Culturally Contexted Practice: A View from Intercultural Communication.” Australian Journal of Linguistics29 (1): 115–133. 10.1080/07268600802516400
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07268600802516400 [Google Scholar]
  60. 2016 “Intercultural Mediation, Intercultural Communication and Translation.” Perspectives24 (3): 354–364. 10.1080/0907676X.2014.980279
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2014.980279 [Google Scholar]
  61. Lindstrom, Lamont
    1992 “Context Contests: Debatable Truth Statements on Tanna (Vanuatu).” InRethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon, edited by Allesandro Duranti and Charles Goodwin , 101–124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Livnat, Zohar
    2017 “‘There Are No Words That Are “Clear” in and of Themselves’: Meta-Pragmatic Comments and Semantic Analysis in Legal Interpretation.” International Journal of Legal Discourse2 (1): 153–170. 10.1515/ijld‑2017‑0007
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ijld-2017-0007 [Google Scholar]
  63. Lomholt, Karsten
    1991 “Problems of Intercultural Translation.” Babel37 (1): 28–35. 10.1075/babel.37.1.05lom
    https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.37.1.05lom [Google Scholar]
  64. Maley, Yon
    1994 “The Language of the Law.” InLanguage and the Law, edited by John Gibbons , 11–50. London: Pearson.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Marmor, Andrei
    2011 “Can the Law Imply More Than It Says? On Some Pragmatic Aspects of Strategic Speech.” InPhilosophical Foundations of Language in the Law, edited by Andrei Marmor and Scott Soames , 83–104. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572380.003.0005
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572380.003.0005 [Google Scholar]
  66. McLaughlin, Prudence
    1996Caught in the Caution: Aboriginal Responses to Police Questioning: The Case of Todd, Anthony and Moonlight. MA diss.University of Sydney.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Mildren, Dean
    1997 “Redressing the Imbalance Against Aboriginals in the Criminal Justice System.” Criminal Law Journal21: 7–22.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 1999 “Redressing the Imbalance: Aboriginal People in the Criminal Justice System.” Forensic Linguistics6 (1): 137–160.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Morris, Ruth
    1995 “The Moral Dilemmas of Court Interpreting.” The Translator1 (1): 25–46. 10.1080/13556509.1995.10798948
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.1995.10798948 [Google Scholar]
  70. 2010 “Images of the Court Interpreter: Professional Identity, Role Definition and Self-Image.” InProfession, Identity and Status: Translators and Interpreters as an Occupation, edited by Rakefet Sela-Sheffy and Miriam Schlesinger . special issue ofTranslation and Interpreting Studies5 (1): 20–40.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Mushin, Ilana , and Rod Gardner
    2009 “Silence is Talk: Conversational Silence in Australian Aboriginal Talk-in-Interaction.” Journal of Pragmatics41 (10): 2033–2052. 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.11.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.11.004 [Google Scholar]
  72. Nakane, Ikuko
    2007 “Problems in Communicating the Suspect’s Rights in Interpreted Police Interviews.” Applied Linguistics28 (2): 87–112. 10.1093/applin/aml050
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml050 [Google Scholar]
  73. Pavlenko, Aneta , Elizabeth Hepford , and Scott Jarvis
    2019 “An Illusion of Understanding: How Native and Non-Native Speakers of English Understand (and Misunderstand) Their Miranda Rights.” International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law26 (2) 181–207. 10.1558/ijsll.39163
    https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.39163 [Google Scholar]
  74. de Pedro Ricoy, Raquel , Rosaleen Howard , and Luis Andrade Ciudad
    2018 “Walking the Tightrope: The Role of Peruvian Indigenous Interpreters in Prior Consultation Processes.” Target30 (2): 187–211. 10.1075/target.17009.dep
    https://doi.org/10.1075/target.17009.dep [Google Scholar]
  75. Pirker, Benedikt , and Jennifer Smolka
    2017 “Making Interpretation More Explicit: International Law and Pragmatics.” Nordic Journal of International Law86 (2): 228–266. 10.1163/15718107‑08602004
    https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08602004 [Google Scholar]
  76. Pitarch, Pedro
    2008 “The Labyrinth of Translation: A Tzeltal Version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” InHuman Rights in the Maya Region: Global Politics, Cultural Contentions, and Moral Engagements, edited by Pedro Pitarch , Shannon Speed , and Xochitl Leyva-Solano , 91–121. Durham: Duke University Press. 10.1215/9780822389057‑005
    https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822389057-005 [Google Scholar]
  77. Poon, Wai Ye Emily
    2005 “The Cultural Transfer in Legal Translation.” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law18 (3): 307–323.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Rock, Frances
    2007Communicating Rights: The Language of Arrest and Detention. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230286504
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230286504 [Google Scholar]
  79. Russell, Sonia
    2000 “‘Let Me Put It Simply…’: The Case for a Standard Translation of the Police Caution and Its Explanation.” International Journal of Speech Language and the Law7 (1): 26–48. 10.1558/sll.2000.7.1.26
    https://doi.org/10.1558/sll.2000.7.1.26 [Google Scholar]
  80. Shuy, Roger W.
    1998The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Sperber, Dan
    1996Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Sperber, Dan , and Deirdre Wilson
    1995Relevance: Communication and Cognition. 2nd ed.Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 1997 “Remarks on Relevance Theory and the Social Sciences.” Multilingua16 (2–3): 145–52. 10.1515/mult.1997.16.2‑3.145
    https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.1997.16.2-3.145 [Google Scholar]
  84. St. Johnston, T. E.
    1966 “The Judges’ Rules and Police Interrogation in England Today.” The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science57 (1): 85–92. 10.2307/1140967
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1140967 [Google Scholar]
  85. Stern, Ludmila
    2004 “Interpreting Legal Language at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Overcoming the Lack of Lexical Equivalents.” The Journal of Specialised Translation2: 63–75.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Stolze, Radegundis
    2001 “Translating Legal Texts in the EU.” Perspectives9 (4): 301–311. 10.1080/0907676X.2001.9961426
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2001.9961426 [Google Scholar]
  87. Wendland, Ernst R.
    1997 “‘A Review of “Relevance Theory’ in Relation to Bible Translation in South-Central Africa. Part II.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages23 (1): 83–108.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Widdowson, Henry George
    2008Text, Context, Pretext: Critical Issues in Discourse Analysis. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Wierzbicka, Anna
    2010Experience, Evidence, and Sense: The Hidden Cultural Legacy of English. New York: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368000.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368000.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  90. Wilson, Deirdre
    2011 “Relevance and the Interpretation of Literary Works.” UCL Working Papers in Linguistics23: 69–80.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Wilson, Deirdre , and Robyn Carston
    2019 “Pragmatics and the Challenge of ‘Non-Propositional’ Effects.” Journal of Pragmatics145: 31–38. 10.1016/j.pragma.2019.01.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.01.005 [Google Scholar]
  92. Wilson, Deirdre , and Dan Sperber
    2002 “Truthfulness and Relevance.” Mind111 (443): 583–632. 10.1093/mind/111.443.583
    https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/111.443.583 [Google Scholar]
  93. Zethsen, Karen Korning
    2009 “Intralingual Translation: An Attempt at Description.” Meta54 (4): 795–812. 10.7202/038904ar
    https://doi.org/10.7202/038904ar [Google Scholar]
  94. Evidence (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2011
    Evidence (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2011 (NT).
  95. Local Court Act 2015
    Local Court Act 2015 (NT).
  96. Police Administration Act 1978
    Police Administration Act 1978 (NT).
  97. Gudabi v R
    Gudabi v R (1984) 1 FCR 187.
  98. MacPherson v The Queen
    MacPherson v The Queen (1981) 147 CLR 512.
  99. Police v Jawrarla
    Police v Jawrarla [2006] NTMC 043.
  100. R v Anunga
    R v Anunga (1976) 11 ALR 412. 10.1016/0010‑4655(76)90029‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(76)90029-1
  101. R v BM
    R v BM [2015] NTSC 73.
  102. R v CS
    R v CS [2012] NTSC 94.
  103. R v Downs
    R v Downs [2019] NTSC 7.
  104. R v Lawrence
    R v Lawrence [2016] NTSC 65.
  105. R v Riley
    R v Riley [1993] NTSC 113.
  106. R v Robinson
    R v Robinson [2010] NTSC 09.
  107. R v Thomas
    R v Thomas [2006] NTSC 87.
  108. Western Australia v Gibson
    Western Australia v Gibson [2014] WASC 240.
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/target.19181.bow
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/target.19181.bow
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Keyword(s): communication of rights; front-translation; indeterminacy; intercultural translation; legal translation; police interview; right to silence

Most Cited