1887
Volume 4, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2542-5277
  • E-ISSN: 2542-5285
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

How much time do viewers spend reading subtitles and does it depend on the subtitle speed? By posing these questions, in this paper we re-analyse previous data to address this issue while promoting two methodological advancements in eye-tracking audiovisual research: (1) the use of proportional reading time (PRT) as a metric of time spent on subtitle reading and (2) the analysis of data via linear mixed models (LMMs). We tested 19 Polish L1 viewers with advanced English proficiency watching two clips with English soundtrack with Polish subtitles. First, we compared PRT at two different subtitle speeds: 12 characters per second (cps) and 20 cps. Then, we used actual subtitle speed rates to better understand the speed-PRT relationship. The results showed a significantly higher PRT for 20 cps compared to 12 cps, with the models predicting a PRT of 45.24% at 20 cps. We have also found strong evidence of the advantage of LMMs over more commonly used statistical techniques.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/tcb.00057.sza
2021-12-03
2024-12-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Bates, Douglas, Reinhold Kliegl, Shravan Vasishth, and R. Harald Baayen
    2018 Parsimonius Mixed Models.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Broda, Bartosz, Maciej Ogrodniczuk, Włodzimierz Gruszczyński, Bartłomiej Nitoń, Edyta Charzyńska, Łukasz Dębowski, and Milena Hadryan
    2015Jasnopis czyli Mierzenie zrozumiałości polskich tekstów użytkowych. SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Caffrey, Colm
    2012 “Using an Eye–tracking Tool to Measure the Effects of Experimental Subtitling Procedures on Viewer Perception of Subtitled AV Content.” InEye Tracking and Audiovisual Translation. Edited byElisa Perego, 223–258. Rome: Aracne.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Christensen, Garret, Jeremy Freese, and Edward Miguel
    2019Transparent and Reproducible Social Science Research: How to do Open Science. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Conklin, Kathryn, Ana Pellicer Sánchez, and Gareth Carrol
    2018Eye-tracking: A Guide for Applied Linguistics Research. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108233279
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108233279 [Google Scholar]
  6. Cunnings, Ian, and Ian Finlayson
    2015 “Mixed Effects Modeling and Longitudinal Data Analysis.” InAdvancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research. Edited byLuke Plonsky, 159–181. New York, NY: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315870908‑8
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315870908-8 [Google Scholar]
  7. d’Ydewalle, Géry
    1984 “Processing TV Information and Eye Movements Research.” Readings on Cognitive Ergonomics—Mind and Computers. Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference in Gmunden, Austria, September 10–14, 1984. Edited byGerrit C. van der Veer, Michael J. Tauber, Thomas R. G. Green & Peter Gorny, 200–204. Berlin: Springer. 10.1007/3‑540‑13394‑1_17
    https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-13394-1_17 [Google Scholar]
  8. d’Ydewalle, Gery, and Wim De Bruycker
    2007 “Eye Movements of Children and Adults while Reading Television Subtitles.” European Psychologist12 (3):196–205.   10.1027/1016‑9040.12.3.196
    https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.12.3.196 [Google Scholar]
  9. d’Ydewalle, Gery, Patrick Muylle, and Johan van Rensbergen
    1985 “Attention Shifts in Partially Redundant Information Situations.” InEye Movements and Human Information Processing. Edited byR. Groner, G. W. McConkie and C. Menz, 375–384. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. d’Ydewalle, Gery, Caroline Praet, Karl Verfaillie, and Johan Van Rensbergen
    1991 “Watching Subtitled Television: Automatic reading behavior.” Communication Research18 (5): 650–666. 10.1177/009365091018005005
    https://doi.org/10.1177/009365091018005005 [Google Scholar]
  11. d’Ydewalle, Gery, Johan van Rensbergen, and Joris Pollet
    1987 “Reading a Message When the Same Message is Available Auditorily in Another Language: The case of subtitling.” InEye Movements: From Physiology to Cognition. Edited byJ. K. O’Regan and A. Levy-Schoen, 313–321. Amsterdam/New York: Elsevier. 10.1016/B978‑0‑444‑70113‑8.50047‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-70113-8.50047-3 [Google Scholar]
  12. Díaz Cintas, Jorge, and Aline Remael
    2007Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling. Manchester: St. Jerome.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Díaz Cintas, Jorge, and Aline Remael
    2021Subtitling: Concepts and Practices. London, UK: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Field, Andy P.
    2018Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. 5th ed.Los Angeles: SAGE.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Fresno, Nazaret, and Katarzyna Sepielak
    2020 “Subtitling Speed in Media Accessibility Research: Some methodological considerations.” Perspectives: 1–17.   10.1080/0907676X.2020.1761841
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2020.1761841 [Google Scholar]
  16. Garson, G. David
    2020Multilevel modelling: Applications in Stata, IBM SPSS, SAS, R & HLM. Los Angeles: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Heck, Ronald H., Scott Loring Thomas, and Lynn Naomi Tabata
    2014Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS. New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Ivarsson, Jan, and Mary Carroll
    1998Subtitling. Simrishamn: TransEdit HB.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Karamitroglou, Fotios
    1998 “A Proposed Set of Subtitling Standards in Europe.” Translation Journal2 (2).
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Kim, Myungsup, Yangseon Kim, and Peter Schmidt
    2007 “On the Accuracy of Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for Efficiency Levels in Stochastic Frontier Models with Panel Data.” Journal of Productivity Analysis28 (3):165–181.   10.1007/s11123‑007‑0058‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11123-007-0058-2 [Google Scholar]
  21. Koolstra, Cees M., Tom H. A. Van Der Voort, and Gery d’Ydewalle
    1999 “Lengthening the Presentation Time of Subtitles on Television: Effects on children’s reading time and recognition.” Communications24 (4):407–422.   10.1515/comm.1999.24.4.407
    https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.1999.24.4.407 [Google Scholar]
  22. Liao, Sixin, Lili Yu, Erik D. Reichle, and Jan-Louis Kruger
    2020 “Using Eye Movements to Study the Reading of Subtitles in Video.” Scientific Studies of Reading: 1–19.   10.1080/10888438.2020.1823986
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2020.1823986 [Google Scholar]
  23. Martí Ferriol, José Luis
    2013 “Subtitle Reading Speeds in Different Languages: The case of Lethal Weapon.” Quaderns: Revista de traducció (20): 201–210.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Meteyard, Lotte, and Robert A. I. Davies
    2020 “Best Practice Guidance for Linear Mixed-Effects Models in Psychological Science.” Journal of Memory and Language112.   10.1016/j.jml.2020.104092
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104092 [Google Scholar]
  25. Moran, Siobhan
    2009 “The Effect of Linguistic Variation on Subtitle Reception.” PhD dissertation, York University.
  26. Muylaert, Willem, Johan Nootens, Daniel Poesmans, and A. K. Pugh
    1983 “Design and Utilisation of Subtitles on Foreign Language Television Programmes.” InTheorie, Methoden and Modelle der Kontaktlinguistik. Edited byP. H. Nelde, 201–214. Bonn: Dummler.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Netflix
    Netflix 2016 Timed Text Style Guide: General Requirements.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Orero Clavero, Pilar, Stephen Doherty, Jan-Louis Kruger, Anna Matamala, Jan Pedersen, Elisa Perego, Pablo Romero Fresco, Sara Rovira Esteva, Olga Soler Vilageliu, and Agnieszka Szarkowska
    2018 “Conducting Experimental Research in Audiovisual Translation (AVT): A position paper.” JosTrans: The Journal of Specialised Translation30 (2018): 105–126.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Orrego-Carmona, David
    2015 “The Reception of (Non)professional Subtitling.” PhD dissertation, Department of English and German Studies, Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
  30. Pedersen, Jan
    2011Subtitling Norms for Television: An Exploration Focussing on Extralinguistic Cultural References. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/btl.98
    https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.98 [Google Scholar]
  31. 2018 “From Old Tricks to Netflix: How Local are Interlingual Subtitling Norms for Streamed television?” Journal of Audiovisual Translation1 (1): 81–100. 10.47476/jat.v1i1.46
    https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v1i1.46 [Google Scholar]
  32. Perego, Elisa, Fabio Del Missier, and Marta Stragà
    2018 “Dubbing vs. Subtitling. Complexity matters.” Target30 (1):137–157.   10.1075/target.16083.per
    https://doi.org/10.1075/target.16083.per [Google Scholar]
  33. Rayner, Keith
    1998 “Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 years of research.” Psychological Bulletin124 (3): 372–422.   10.1037/0033‑2909.124.3.372
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372 [Google Scholar]
  34. Romero Fresco, Pablo
    2009 “More Haste Less Speed: Edited versus verbatim respoken subtitles.” Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics6: 109–133.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 2015a “Final Thoughts: Viewing speed in subtitling.” InThe Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Europe. Edited byPablo Romero Fresco, 335–341. Bern: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 2015bThe Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Europe: UK, Spain, Italy, Poland, Denmark, France and Germany. Bern: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Silva, Breno B., Agnieszka Szarkowska, and David Orrego-Carmona
    2021 “Dataset PRT Paper”. Figshare. Dataset.   10.6084/m9.figshare.16840240.v1
    https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16840240.v1 [Google Scholar]
  38. Szarkowska, Agnieszka
    2016Report on the Results of an Online Survey on Subtitle Presentation Times and Line Breaks in Interlingual Subtitling. Part 1: Subtitlers. University College London.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Szarkowska, Agnieszka, and Lidia Bogucka
    2019 “Six-second Rule Revisited: An eye-tracking study on the impact of speech rate and language proficiency on subtitle reading.” Translation, Cognition & Behavior2 (1):101–124.   10.1075/tcb.00022.sza
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00022.sza [Google Scholar]
  40. Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Jorge Díaz Cintas, and Olivia Gerber Morón
    2020 “Quality is in the Eye of the Stakeholders: What do professional subtitlers and viewers think about subtitling?” Universal Access in the Information Society.   10.1007/s10209‑020‑00739‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-020-00739-2 [Google Scholar]
  41. Szarkowska, Agnieszka, and Olivia Gerber Morón
    2018a SURE Project Dataset. RepOD.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 2018b “Viewers Can Keep up with Fast Subtitles: Evidence from eye movements.” Plos One13 (6).   10.1371/journal.pone.0199331
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199331 [Google Scholar]
  43. Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Izabela Krejtz, Zuzanna Kłyszejko, and Anna Wieczorek
    2011 “Verbatim, Standard, or Edited? Reading patterns of different captioning styles among deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing viewers.” American Annals of the Deaf156 (4): 363–378.   10.1353/aad.2011.0039
    https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2011.0039 [Google Scholar]
  44. TED
    TED 2017 “English Style Guide” translations.ted.org/wiki/English_Style_Guide
  45. Trezek, Beverly, and Connie Mayer
    2019 “Reading and Deafness: State of the evidence and implications for research and practice.” Education Sciences9 (3).   10.3390/educsci9030216
    https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030216 [Google Scholar]
  46. Tveit, Jan Emil
    2005Translating for Television: A handbook in screen translation. Bergen: JK Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Zárate, Soledad
    2021Captioning and Subtitling for d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing Audiences. London: UCL Press.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/tcb.00057.sza
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/tcb.00057.sza
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error