1887
Volume 7, Issue 1
  • ISSN 2542-5277
  • E-ISSN: 2542-5285
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Psychometrics involves the indirect measurement of latent constructs, including aspects of cognition and emotion, and Likert-type scales are a common tool to operationalize and quantify these constructs. One threat to the psychometric properties of such scales is the administration of surveys across multiple languages, which presupposes the translation of the survey instruments. While multiple recommendations exist on best practices in translation, implementation does not always satisfy such guidelines. This article employs Monte Carlo simulation to explore the potential effects of translation on survey measurement and psychometric properties. Three possible challenges are explored, namely ambiguity, shift in valence, and issues with negation. These translation effects are statistically modeled as increased variance, change in skewness, and reverse coding, respectively. Additionally, the simulation examines the value of multi-item scales over single-item measurement. Overall, the results illustrate how survey translation can impact exploratory factor analysis and reliability of measurement.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/tcb.00094.mel
2024-10-10
2025-04-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Allen, Mark S., Dragos Iliescu, and Samuel Greiff
    2022 “Single item measures in psychological science: A call to action.” European Journal of Psychological Assessment38 (1): 1–5. 10.1027/1015‑5759/a000699
    https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000699 [Google Scholar]
  2. Barrett, Lisa F.
    2017 “The theory of constructed emotion: An active inference account of interoception and categorization.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience12 (1): 1–23. 10.1093/scan/nsx060
    https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx060 [Google Scholar]
  3. Beaton, Dorcas E., Claire Bombardier, Francis Guillemin, and Marcos Bosi Ferraz
    2000 “Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures.” Spine25 (24): 3186–3191. 10.1097/00007632‑200012150‑00014
    https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014 [Google Scholar]
  4. Behr, Dorothée, and Mandy Sha
    2018 “Introduction: Translation of questionnaires in cross-national and cross-cultural research.” Translation & Interpreting10 (2): 1–4. 10.12807/ti.110202.2018.a01
    https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.110202.2018.a01 [Google Scholar]
  5. Behr, Dorothée, and Kuniaki Shishido
    2016 “The translation of measurement instruments for cross-cultural surveys.” InThe SAGE Handbook of Survey Methodology, edited byChristof Wolf, Dominique Joye, Tom W. Smith, and Yang-Chih Fu, 269–287. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 10.4135/9781473957893.n19
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957893.n19 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bindak, Recep
    2013 “Relationship between randomness and coefficient alpha: A Monte Carlo simulation study.” Journal of Data Analysis and Information Processing1 (2): 13–17. 10.4236/jdaip.2013.12003
    https://doi.org/10.4236/jdaip.2013.12003 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bolaños-Medina, Alicia, and Victor González Ruis
    2012 “Deconstructing the translation of psychological tests.” Meta57 (3): 715–739. 10.7202/1017088ar
    https://doi.org/10.7202/1017088ar [Google Scholar]
  8. Byrne, Barbara M.
    2008 “Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process.” Psicothema20 (4): 872–882.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Calvo, Elisa, and Catherine Way
    2024 “Translating psychometric tests: When skopos gets lost in literality.” InA Qualitative Approach to Translation Studies: Spotlighting Translation Problems, edited byElisa Calvo and Elena de la Cova, 228–245. New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Chen, Peiyao, Jie Lin, Bingle Chen, Chunming Lu, and Taomei Guo
    2015 “Processing emotional words in two languages with one brain: ERP and fMRI evidence from Chinese-English bilinguals.” Cortex711: 34–48. 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.002 [Google Scholar]
  11. Colina, Sonia, Nicole Marrone, Maia Ingram, and Daisey Sánchez
    2017 “Translation quality assessment in health research: A functionalist alternative to back-translation.” Evaluation & the Health Professions40 (3): 267–293. 10.1177/0163278716648191
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278716648191 [Google Scholar]
  12. Cuvillier, Matthieu, Pierre-Majorique Léger, and Sylvain Sénécal
    2021 “Quantity over quality: Do single-item scales reflect what users truly experienced?” Computers in Human Behavior Reports41: 100097. 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100097
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100097 [Google Scholar]
  13. Daouk-Öyry, Lina, and Pia Zeinoun
    2017 “Testing across cultures: Translation, adaptation, and indigenous test development.” InPsychometric Testing: Critical Perspectives, edited byBarry Cripps, 221–233. Malden, MA: Wiley. 10.1002/9781119183020.ch16
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119183020.ch16 [Google Scholar]
  14. de Winter, J. C. F., D. Dodou, and P. A. Wieringa
    2009 “Exploratory factor analysis with small sample sizes.” Multivariate Behavioral Research44 (2): 147–181. 10.1080/00273170902794206
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170902794206 [Google Scholar]
  15. Dejonckheere, Egon, Febe Demeyer, Birte Geusens, Maarten Piot, Fran Tuerlinckx, Stijn Verdonck, and Merijn Mestdagh
    2022 “Assessing the reliability of single-item momentary affective measurements in experience sampling.” Psychological Assessment34 (12): 1138–1154. 10.1037/pas0001178
    https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001178 [Google Scholar]
  16. Deng, Lifang, and Wai Chan
    2017 “Testing the difference between reliability coefficients alpha and omega.” Educational and Psychological Measurement77 (2): 185–203. 10.1177/0013164416658325
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164416658325 [Google Scholar]
  17. DeVellis, Robert F., and Carolyn T. Thorpe
    2022Scale Development: Theory and Applications, 5th edition. SAGE.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Gieshoff, Anne Catherine, Caroline Lehr, and Andrea Hunziker Heeb
    2021 “Stress, cognitive, emotional, and ergonomic demands in interpreting and translation: A review of physiological studies.” Cognitive Linguistic Studies8 (2): 404–439. 10.1075/cogls.00084.gie
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00084.gie [Google Scholar]
  19. Guadagnoli, Edward, and Wayne F. Velicer
    1988 “Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns.” Psychological Bulletin103 (2): 265–275. 10.1037/0033‑2909.103.2.265
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.265 [Google Scholar]
  20. Guillemin, Francis, Claire Bombardier, and Dorcas Beaton
    1993 “Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: Literature review and proposed guidelines.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology46 (12): 1417–1432. 10.1016/0895‑4356(93)90142‑N
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90142-N [Google Scholar]
  21. Hair, Joseph F., Barry J. Babin, Rolph E. Anderson, and William C. Black
    2018Multivariate Data Analysis, 8th edition. Cengage.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Hambleton, Ronald K.
    2004 “Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures.” InAdapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-cultural Assessment, edited byRonald K. Hambleton, Peter F. Merenda, and Charles D. Spielberger, 3–38. New York: Psychology Press. 10.4324/9781410611758‑6
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410611758-6 [Google Scholar]
  23. Hambleton, Ronald K., Peter F. Merenda, and Charles D. Spielberger
    eds. 2005Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-cultural Assessment. New York: Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hanson, Thomas A.
    2025 “Interpreting and psychometrics.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Interpreting and Cognition, edited byChristopher D. Mellinger, 151–169. New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Harkness, Janet A., Fons J. R. van di Vijver, and Peter Ph. Mohler
    2002Cross-cultural Survey Methods. Wiley.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Harkness, Janet A., Ana Villar, and Brad Edwards
    2010 “Translation, adaptation, and design.” InSurvey Methods in Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts, edited byJanet A. Harkness, Michael Braun, Brad Edwards, Timothy P. Johnson, Lars E. Lyberg, Peter Ph. Mohler, Beth-Ellen Pennell, and Tom W. Smith, 115–140. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 10.1002/9780470609927.ch7
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470609927.ch7 [Google Scholar]
  27. Harkness, Janet A., and Alicia Schoua-Glusberg
    1998 “Questionnaires in translation.” InCross-cultural Equivalence, edited byJanet Harkness, 87–126. Mannheim: Zuma.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Hernández, Ana, María Dolores Hidalgo, Ronald K. Hambleton, and Juana Gómez-Benito
    2020 “International Test Commission guidelines for test adaptation: A criterion checklist.” Psicothema32 (3): 390–398. 10.7334/psicothema2019.306
    https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.306 [Google Scholar]
  29. Horn, John L.
    1965 “A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis.” Psychometrika301: 179–185. 10.1007/BF02289447
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447 [Google Scholar]
  30. Howard, Matt C.
    2015 “A review of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve?” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction32 (1): 51–62. 10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664 [Google Scholar]
  31. Hubscher-Davidson, Séverine
    2018Translation and Emotion: A Psychological Perspective. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Hui, C. Harry, and Harry C. Triandis
    1989 “Effects of culture and response format on extreme response style.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology20 (3): 296–309. 10.1177/0022022189203004
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022189203004 [Google Scholar]
  33. International Test Commission
    International Test Commission 2018 “ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests (second edition).” International Journal of Testing18 (2): 101–134. 10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166 [Google Scholar]
  34. Jones, Lyle V., and David Thissen
    2007 “A history and overview of psychometrics.” InHandbook of Statistics, vol. 26, edited byC. R. Rao and S. Sinharay, 1–27. Elsevier. 10.1016/S0169‑7161(06)26001‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7161(06)26001-2 [Google Scholar]
  35. Jungner, Johanna G., Elisabet Tiselius, Klas Blomgren, Kim Lützén, and Pernilla Pergert
    2019 “Language barriers and the use of professional interpreters: A national multisite cross-sectional survey in pediatric oncology care.” Acta Oncologica58 (7): 1015–1020. 10.1080/0284186X.2019.1594362
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2019.1594362 [Google Scholar]
  36. Jungner, Johanna G., Elisabet Tiselius, and Pernilla Pergert
    2021 “Reasons for not using interpreters to secure patient-safe communication: A national cross-sectional study in paediatric oncology.” Patient Education and Counseling104 (8): 1985–1992. 10.1016/j.pec.2021.01.017
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.01.017 [Google Scholar]
  37. Keller, Susan D.,
    1998 “Testing the equivalence of translations of widely used response choice labels: Results from the IQOLA project.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology51 (11): 933–944. 10.1016/S0895‑4356(98)00084‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00084-5 [Google Scholar]
  38. Knight, Craig
    2017 “The history of psychometrics.” InPsychometric Testing: Critical Perspectives, edited byBarry Cripps, 3–14. Malden, MA: Wiley.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Korpal, Paweł, and Aleksandra Jasielska
    2019 “Investigating interpreters’ empathy: Are emotions in simultaneous interpreting contagious?” Target31 (1): 2–24. 10.1075/target.17123.kor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/target.17123.kor [Google Scholar]
  40. Kukkonen, Karin, and Marco Caracciolo
    2014 “Introduction: What is the ‘second generation’?” Style48 (3): 261–274. 10.5325/style.48.3.0261
    https://doi.org/10.5325/style.48.3.0261 [Google Scholar]
  41. LaBar, Kevin S., and Roberto Cabeza
    2006 “Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience7 (1): 54–64. 10.1038/nrn1825
    https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1825 [Google Scholar]
  42. Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson
    1999Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Lee, Jerry W., Patricia S. Jones, Yoshimitsu Mineyama, and Xinwei Esther Zhang
    2002 “Cultural differences in responses to a likert scale.” Research in Nursing & Health25 (4): 295–306. 10.1002/nur.10041
    https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.10041 [Google Scholar]
  44. Lehr, Caroline, and Kristian T. Hvelplund
    2020 “Emotional experts: Influences of emotion on the allocation of cognitive resources during translation.” InMultilingual Mediated Communication and Cognition, edited byRicardo Muñoz Martín and Sandra L. Halverson, 44–68. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780429323867‑3
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429323867-3 [Google Scholar]
  45. Leppink, Jimme, Fred Paas, Tamara van Gog, Cees P. M. van der Vleuten, Jeroen J. G. van Merriënboer
    2014 “Effects of pairs of problems and examples on task performance and different types of cognitive load.” Learning and Instruction301: 32–42. 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.12.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.12.001 [Google Scholar]
  46. Lim, Sangdon, and Seungmin Jahng
    2019 “Determining the number of factors using parallel analysis and its recent variance.” Psychological Methods24 (4): 452–467. 10.1037/met0000230
    https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000230 [Google Scholar]
  47. Mailliez, Mélody, Mark D. Griffiths, and Arnaud Carre
    2022 “Validation of the French version of the fear of COVID-19 scale and its associations with depression, anxiety, and differential emotions.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction201: 2057–2071. 10.1007/s11469‑021‑00499‑x
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00499-x [Google Scholar]
  48. McDonald, Roderick P.
    1999Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. McNeish, Daniel
    2018 “Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here.” Psychological Methods23 (3): 412–433. 10.1037/met0000144
    https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000144 [Google Scholar]
  50. Meade, Adam W., Gary J. Lautenschlager, and Emily C. Johnson
    2007 “A Monte Carlo examination of the sensitivity of the differential functioning of items and tests framework for tests of measurement invariance with Likert data.” Applied Psychological Measurement31 (5): 430–455. 10.1177/0146621606297316
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606297316 [Google Scholar]
  51. Mellinger, Christopher D., and Thomas A. Hanson
    2017Quantitative Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies. New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315647845
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315647845 [Google Scholar]
  52. 2020 “Methodological considerations for survey research: Validity, reliability, and quantitative analysis.” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series–Themes in Translation Studies191: 172–190. 10.52034/lanstts.v19i0.549
    https://doi.org/10.52034/lanstts.v19i0.549 [Google Scholar]
  53. 2022 “Latent variables in translation and interpreting studies: Ontology, epistemology, and methodology.” InContesting Epistemologies in Cognitive Translation and Interpreting Studies, edited bySandra L. Halverson and Álvaro Marín García, 104–128. New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9781003125792‑7
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003125792-7 [Google Scholar]
  54. Mohammed, Saif M., Mohammad Salameh, and Svetlana Kiritchenko
    2016 “How translation alters sentiment.” Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research551: 95–130. 10.1613/jair.4787
    https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.4787 [Google Scholar]
  55. Muñoz Martín, Ricardo
    2010 “Leave no stone unturned: On the development of cognitive translatology.” Translation and Interpreting Studies5 (2): 145–192. 10.1075/tis.5.2.01mun
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.5.2.01mun [Google Scholar]
  56. Muñoz Martín, Ricardo, and Celia Martín de León
    2020 “Translation and cognitive science.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Translation and Cognition, edited byFabio Alves, and Arnt L. Jakobsen, 52–68. New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315178127‑5
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315178127-5 [Google Scholar]
  57. Palacios Martinez, Ignacio M.
    1998 “Negation and translation: Problems in the translation of English negatives into Spanish.” Babel44 (1): 65–78. 10.1075/babel.44.1.05pal
    https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.44.1.05pal [Google Scholar]
  58. Partala, Timo, and Veikko Surakka
    2003 “Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies59 (1–2): 185–198. 10.1016/S1071‑5819(03)00017‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-5819(03)00017-X [Google Scholar]
  59. Peterson, Robert A.
    2000 “A meta-analysis of variance accounted for and factor loadings in exploratory factor analysis.” Marketing Letters11 (3): 261–275. 10.1023/A:1008191211004
    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008191211004 [Google Scholar]
  60. Prior, Anat, Judith F. Kroll, and Brian Macwhinney
    2013 “Translation ambiguity but not word class predicts translation performance.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition16 (2): 458–474. 10.1017/S1366728912000272
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000272 [Google Scholar]
  61. R Core Team
    R Core Team 2023R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Revelle, William
    2023psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. Northwestern University. R package version 2.3.3.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Rojo López, Ana María
    2017 “The role of creativity.” InHandbook of Translation and Cognition, edited byJohn W. Schwieter and Aline Ferreira, 350–368. Malden, MA: Wiley. 10.1002/9781119241485.ch19
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119241485.ch19 [Google Scholar]
  64. Rojo López, Ana María, and Catherine L. Caldwell-Harris
    2023 “Emotions in cognitive translation and interpreting studies.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Translation, Interpreting, and Bilingualism, edited byAline Ferreira, and John W. Schwieter, 206–221. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781003109020‑18
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003109020-18 [Google Scholar]
  65. Rojo López, Ana María, and Paweł Korpal
    2020 “Through your skin to your heart and brain: A critical evaluation of physiological methods in cognitive translation and interpreting studies.” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series: Themes in Translation Studies191: 191–217. 10.52034/lanstts.v19i0.533
    https://doi.org/10.52034/lanstts.v19i0.533 [Google Scholar]
  66. Rojo López, Ana María, and Beatriz Naranjo
    2021 “Translating in times of crisis: A study about the emotional effects of the COVID19 pandemic on the translation of evaluative language.” Journal of Pragmatics1761: 29–40. 10.1016/j.pragma.2021.01.018
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.01.018 [Google Scholar]
  67. Saccenti, Edoardo, Margriet H. W. B. Hendriks, and Age K. Smilde
    2020 “Corruption of the Pearson correlation coefficient by measurement error and its estimation, bias, and correction under different error models.” Scientific Reports101: art. 438. 10.1038/s41598‑019‑57247‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57247-4 [Google Scholar]
  68. Sarstedt, Marko, and Petra Wilczynski
    2009 “More for less? A comparison of single-item and multi-item measures.” Die Betriebswirtschaft69 (2): 211–227.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Sha, Mandy, and Stephen Immerwahr
    2018 “Survey translation: Why and how should researchers and managers be engaged?” Survey Practice11 (2). 10.29115/SP‑2018‑0016
    https://doi.org/10.29115/SP-2018-0016 [Google Scholar]
  70. Sharpe, Donald
    2013 “Why the resistance to statistical innovations? Bridging the communication gap.” Psychological Methods18 (4): 572–582. 10.1037/a0034177
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034177 [Google Scholar]
  71. Shih, Claire Y
    2024 “Affect and emotion in translation process research.” InTranslation and Interpreting as Social Interaction: Affect, Behavior, and Cognition, edited byClaire Y. Shih and Caiwen Weng, 1–18. London: Bloomsbury.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Sireci, Stephen G., Yongwei Yang, James Harter, and Eldin J. Ehrlich
    2006 “Evaluating guidelines for test adaptations: A methodological analysis of translation quality.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology37 (5): 557–567. 10.1177/0022022106290478
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106290478 [Google Scholar]
  73. Spearman, C.
    1904a “‘General intelligence,’ objective determined and measured.” American Journal of Psychology15 (2): 201–292. 10.2307/1412107
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1412107 [Google Scholar]
  74. 1904b “The proof and measurement of association between two things.” American Journal of Psychology15 (1): 72–101. 10.2307/1412159
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1412159 [Google Scholar]
  75. Statman, Meir
    2017Finance for Normal People: How Investors and Markets Behave. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Stevens, James P.
    1992Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences, 2nd edition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Sun, Sanjun
    2016 “Survey-based studies.” InResearching Translation and Interpreting, edited byClaudia V. Angelelli, and Brian J. Baer, 269–279. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Tabachnick, Barbara G., and Linda S. Fidell
    2007Using Multivariate Statistics, 5th edition. Pearson.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Trafimow, David
    2016 “The attenuation of correlation coefficients: A statistical literacy issue.” Teaching Statistics38 (1): 25–28. 10.1111/test.12087
    https://doi.org/10.1111/test.12087 [Google Scholar]
  80. Tyng, Chai M., Hafeez U. Amin, Mohamad N. M. Saad, and Aamir S. Malik
    2017 “The influences of emotion on learning and memory.” Frontiers in Psychology81: 235933. 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454 [Google Scholar]
  81. van Widenfelt, Brigit M., Philip D. A. Treffers, Els de Beurs, Bart M. Siebelink, and Els Koudijs
    2005 “Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of assessment instruments used in psychological research with children and families.” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review8 (2): 135–147. 10.1007/s10567‑005‑4752‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-005-4752-1 [Google Scholar]
  82. Venables, W. N., and B. D. Ripley
    2002Modern Applied Statistics with S, 4th edition. New York: Springer. 10.1007/978‑0‑387‑21706‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2 [Google Scholar]
  83. Wanous, John P., Arnon E. Reichers, and Michael J. Hudy
    1997 “Overall job satisfaction: How good are the single item measures?” Journal of Applied Psychology82 (2): 247–252. 10.1037/0021‑9010.82.2.247
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247 [Google Scholar]
  84. Watson, David, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen
    1988 “Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology54 (6): 1063–1070. 10.1037/0022‑3514.54.6.1063
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 [Google Scholar]
  85. Willits, Fern K., Gene L. Theodori, and A. E. Luloff
    2016 “Another look at Likert scales.” Journal of Rural Social Sciences31 (3): 126–139.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Zeier, Hans
    1997 “Psychophysiological stress research.” Interpreting2 (1–2): 231–249. 10.1075/intp.2.1‑2.09zei
    https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.2.1-2.09zei [Google Scholar]
  87. Zeman, Janice, Kimberly Shipman, and Susan Penza-Clyve
    2001 “Development and initial validation of the children’s sadness management scale.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior25 (3): 187–205. 10.1023/A:1010623226626
    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010623226626 [Google Scholar]
  88. Zumbo, Bruno D., and Charles O. Ochieng
    2002, April. “The effects of various configurations of Likert, ordered categorical, or rating scale data on the ordinal logistic regression pseudo R-squared measure of fit: The case of the cumulative logit model.” [Conference presentation]. American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA, United States. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED464918
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/tcb.00094.mel
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/tcb.00094.mel
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error