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A model is a system of which the structure is known and which provides information through isomorphism about a system of which the structure is not known. In (applied) linguistics a model is often not more than a theory in the form of a diagram, but constructing a model is useful especially when there are many variables. Concerning the relationship between model and reality a distinction is made between result models, process models and physiological models. The models of Carroll, Gardner et al., Krashen, Dulay and Burt, and Bialystok are discussed on the bases of the following questions:a. What kind of model is it?b. Are the elements and the relationship between them clear?c. What research has been based on the model?There appear to be but few useful models and so far virtually no research has been carried out to test the existing models.