1887
Volume 19, Issue 1
  • ISSN 1387-6732
  • E-ISSN: 1570-6001
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

This paper constitutes an application of paleographic analysis of ancient Mayan hieroglyphic writing in line with the comprehensive approach elaborated by Lacadena (1995a , 1995b ). More specifically, it reviews the evidence for the origin and development of T168/2M1a, the logogram ‘lord, ruler’, and proposes a relationship between it and T130/2S2, the syllabogram . Additionally, the paper contributes with a more complete diachronic perspective than has been attempted before by incorporating evidence from the earliest texts. Moreover, a graphic relationship between T168/2M1a and T130/2S2 is proposed, explained on the basis of designs of T168/2M1a starting in the Late Preclassic and Early Classic, as well as the graphic operations of rotation and ‘re-rotation’, a process introduced in this paper for the first time. The paper also suggests that the relationship between these signs is not merely graphic, but also acrophonic, and it elaborates a typology and chronological seriation of T168/2M1a, with the aim of assisting scholars in assigning relative chronologies to unprovenienced texts lacking calendrical data.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/wll.19.1.02mor
2016-12-06
2025-02-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Beyer, Hermann
    (1932) The stylistic history of the Maya hieroglyphs. Middle American Research Series4: 71–102.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. (1937) Studies on the inscriptions of Chichen Itza. ( Contributions to American archaeology 21.) Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Boot, Erik
    (2005) Portraits of four kings of the Early Classic? An inscribed bowl excavated at Uaxactún and seven vessels of unknown provenance. Mesoweb. Retrieved fromwww.mesoweb.com/articles/boot/UaxactunBowl.pdf.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bricker, Victoria R
    (1986) A grammar of Mayan hieroglyphs. ( Middle American Research Institute, Publication 56.) New Orleans: Tulane University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. (1989) The last gasp of Maya hieroglyphic writing in the books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel and Chan Kan. In William F. Hanks & Don S. Rice (eds.), Word and image in Maya culture. Explorations in language, writing, and representation, 39–50. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Closs, Michael
    (1986) Orthographic conventions in Maya writing: The rule of phonetic complementation. Anthropological Linguistics28: 229–251.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Coe, Michael D
    (1966) An early stone pectoral from Southeastern Mexico. Washington, D.C.: Trustees for Harvard University. doi: 10.2307/2694475
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2694475 [Google Scholar]
  8. (1973) The Maya scribe and his world. New York: The Grolier Group. doi: 10.1080/00043249.1976.10793295
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.1976.10793295 [Google Scholar]
  9. Coe, Michael D. & Justin Kerr
    (1998) The art of the Maya scribe. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers. doi: 10.1017/s004740450038304x
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s004740450038304x [Google Scholar]
  10. Cohodas, Marvin
    (1989) Transformations: Relationship between image and text in the ceramic paintings of the Metropolitan master. In William F. Hanks & Don S. Rice (eds.), Word and image in Maya culture. Explorations in language, writing, and representation, 198–231. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Estrada-Belli, Francisco
    (2006) Lightning sky, rain, and the Maize God: The ideology of Preclassic Maya rulers at Cival, Peten, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica17(1): 57–78. doi: 10.1017/s0956536106060068.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536106060068 [Google Scholar]
  12. Fahsen, Frederico
    (1988) A new classic Maya text from Tikal. Washington, D.C.: Center for Maya Research.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Fox, James & John Justeson
    (1984a) Polyvalence in Mayan hieroglyphic writing. In John S. Justeson & Lyle Campbell (eds.), Phoneticism in Maya hieroglyphic writing. ( Institute for Mesoamerican Studies Publication No. 9.), 17–76. Albany: State University of New York. doi: 10.2307/415491
    https://doi.org/10.2307/415491 [Google Scholar]
  14. (1984b) Appendix C: Conventions for the transliteration of Mayan hieroglyphs. In John S. Justeson & Lyle Campbell (eds.), Phoneticism in Maya hieroglyphic writing. ( Institute for Mesoamerican Studies Publication No. 9.), 363–370. Albany: State University of New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Freidel, David , Kathryn Reese-Taylor & David Mora Marín
    (2002) The origins of Maya civilization: The old shell game, commodity, and kingship. In Marilyn Masson & David Freidel (eds.), Ancient Maya political economies, 41–86. New York: Altamira Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Graham, Ian
    (1979) Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions, Volume 3, Part 2: Yaxchilan. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. (1982) Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions, Volume 3, Part 3: Yaxchilan. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. (1996) Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions, Volume 7, Part 1: Seibal. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. (1999) Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions, Volume 6, Part 3: Toniná. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Grube, Nikolai
    (1990) Die Entwicklung der Mayaschrift: Grundlagen zur Erforschung des Wandels der Mayaschrift von der Protoklassik bis zur spanischen Eroberung. ( Acta Mesoamericana, 3.) Berlin: Karl-Friedrich von Flemming.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. (1994) Observations on the history of Maya hieroglyphic writing. In Virginia M. Fields (ed.), Seventh Palenque Round Table, 1989, 177–186. San Francisco: The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Grube, Nikolai & Maria Gaida
    (2006) Die Maya: Schrift und Kunst. Berlin: SMBl-DuMont.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hansen, Richard D
    (2001) The first cities – the beginning of state formation and urbanization in the Maya lowlands. In Nikolai Grube (ed.), MayaMaya: Divine kings of the rain forest, 50–65. Cologne: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hopkins, Nicholas A
    (1997) Decipherment and the relation between Mayan languages and Maya writing. In Martha J. Macri & Anabel Ford (eds.), The language of Maya hieroglyphs, 77–88. San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Hopkins, Nicholas A. & J. Kathryn Josserand
    (1999) Issues of glyphic decipherment. Paper presented at the17th Annual University Museum Maya Weekend, ‘Maya Epigraphy – Progress and Prospects’, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Houston, Stephen D
    (1993) Hieroglyphs and history at Dos Pilas: Dynastic politics of the Classic Maya. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. (2011) All things must change: Maya writing over time and space. In Elizabeth Hill Boone & Gary Urton (eds.), Their way of writing: Scripts, signs, and pictographies in pre-columbian America, 43–76. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. (2012) Maya writing: modified, transformed. In Stephen D. Houston (ed.), The shape of script: How and why writing systems change, 187–208. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Houston, Stephen D. , David S. Stuart & John Robertson
    (1998) Disharmony in Maya hieroglyphic writing: Linguistic change and continuity in Classic society. In Andrés Ciudad Ruíz , Yolanda Fernández Marquínez , José Miguel García Campillo , Josefa Iglesias Ponce de León , Alfonso Lacadena García-Gallo & Luis T. Sanz Castro (eds.), Anatomía de una civilización: Aproximaciones interdisciplinarias a la cultura maya, 275–296. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Houston, Stephen D. , John Robertson & David S. Stuart
    (2000) The language of Classic Maya inscriptions. Current Anthropology41: 321–356. doi: 10.1086/300142
    https://doi.org/10.1086/300142 [Google Scholar]
  31. Jones, Christopher & Linton Satterthwaite
    (1982) The monuments and inscriptions of Tikal: The carved monuments. Philadelphia, PA: The University Museum. doi: 10.9783/9781934536377
    https://doi.org/10.9783/9781934536377 [Google Scholar]
  32. Justeson, John
    (1984) Appendix B: Interpretations of Maya hieroglyphs. In John S. Justeson & Lyle Campbell (eds.), Phoneticism in Maya hieroglyphic writing, 315–362. Albany: State University of New York. doi: 10.2307/415491
    https://doi.org/10.2307/415491 [Google Scholar]
  33. (1986) The origin of writing systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica. World Archaeology, Early Writing Systems7: 437–458. doi: 10.1080/00438243.1986.9979981
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1986.9979981 [Google Scholar]
  34. Justeson, John S
    (1989) The representational conventions of Mayan hieroglyphic writing. In William F. Hanks & Don S. Rice (eds.), Word and image in Maya culture: Explorations in language, writing, and representation, 25–38. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Justeson, John
    (2012) Early Mesoamerican writing systems. In Deborah L. Nichols & Christopher A. Pool (eds.), The Oxford handbook of Mesoamerican archaeology, 830–844. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195390933.013.0063
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195390933.013.0063 [Google Scholar]
  36. Justeson, John S. & Lyle Campbell
    (1997) The linguistic background of Maya hieroglyphic writing: Arguments against a ‘Highland Mayan’ role. In Martha J. Macri & Anabel Ford (eds.), The language of Maya hieroglyphs, 41–67. San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Research Institute.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Justeson, John S. & Peter Mathews
    (1990) Evolutionary trends in Mesoamerican hieroglyphic writing. Visible Language24: 88–132.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Justeson, John S. & James A. Fox
    (1989) Hieroglyphic evidence for the languages of the Lowland Maya. Ms., in possession of author.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Justeson, John S. , William M. Norman , Lyle Campbell & Terrence Kaufman
    (1985) The foreign impact on lowland Mayan language and script. ( Middle American Research Institute, Publication 53.) New Orleans: Tulane University. doi: 10.2307/415523
    https://doi.org/10.2307/415523 [Google Scholar]
  40. Kaufman, Terrence
    (1972) El proto-tzeltal-tzotzil: fonología comparada y diccionario reconstruido. ( Centro de Estudios Mayas, Cuaderno 5.) Mexico: UNAM.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Kaufman, Terrence & John Justeson
    (2003) A preliminary Mayan etymological dictionary. October 5, 2003. Retrieved from: www.famsi.org/reports/01051/index.html.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. (2001) Epi-Olmec hieroglyphic writing and texts. Austin: Texas Workshop Foundation. doi: 10.1126/science.259.5102.1703
    https://doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5102.1703 [Google Scholar]
  43. Kaufman, Terrence & William Norman
    (1984) An outline of Proto-Cholan phonology, morphology, and vocabulary. In John S. Justeson & Lyle Campbell (eds.), Phoneticism in Maya hieroglyphic writing. ( Institute for Mesoamerican Studies Publication No. 9.), 77–166. Albany: State University of New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Kelley, David
    (1976) Deciphering the Maya script. Austin: University of Texas. doi: 10.1017/s0022216x00021507.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00021507 [Google Scholar]
  45. Kerr, Barbara & Justin Kerr
    (1988) Some observations on Maya vase painters. In Elizabeth P. Benson & Gillett G. Griffin (eds.), Maya iconography, 236–259. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Kidder, Alfred V. , J.D. Jennings & Edwin M. Shook
    (1946) Excavations at Kaminaljuyú, Guatemala. ( Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 561.) Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. doi: 10.1525/aa.1949.51.3.02a00170
    https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1949.51.3.02a00170 [Google Scholar]
  47. Knorozov, Yuriy
    (1967) Selected chapters from ‘The writing of the Maya indians’. Translation from Russian by Sophie Coe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Lacadena García-Gallo, Alfonso
    (1995a) Evolución formal de las grafías escriturarias mayas: implicaciones históricas y culturales. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. (1995b) Revitalización de grafías escriturarias arcaicas en el Clásico Tardío maya. In Carmen Varela Torrecilla , Juan L. Bonor & Yolanda Fernández (eds.), Religión y Sociedad en el área maya. ( Publicaciones de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, No 3M.), 29–41. Madrid : Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana, Caja de Madrid.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. (2000) Los escribas del Códice de Madrid: Metodología paleográfica. Revista Española de Antropología Americana30: 27–85.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. (2010) Escritura y lengua en Tak’alik Ab’aj: problemas y propuestas. In Bárbara Arroyo , Adriana Linares Palma & Lorena Paiz Aragón (eds.), XXIII simposio de investigaciones arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2009, 1027–1044. Guatemala City: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Lacadena, Alfonso & Søren Wichmann
    (2000) The dynamics of language in the Western Lowland Maya region. Paper presented at the 2000 Chacmool Conference, Calgary , November 9–11, 2000.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Lacadena García-Gallo, Alfonso & Søren Wichmann
    (2002) The distribution of Lowland Maya languages in the Classic period. In Vera Tiesler Blos , Rafael Cobos & Merle Greene Robertson (eds.), La organización social entre los mayas: Memoria de la Tercera Mesa Redonda de Palenque. Vol. II, 275–319. México, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, and Mérida: Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Lacadena, Alfonso & Søren Wichmann
    (2004) On the representation of the glottal stop in Maya writing. In Søren Wichmann (ed.), The linguistics of Maya writing, 100–164. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Looper, Matthew & Linda Schele
    (1996) Notebook for the XXth Maya Hieroglyphic Forum at Texas, March 9–10, 1996. Austin: Department of Art and Art History, The University of Texas.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Lounsbury, Floyd
    (1973) On the derivation and reading of the ‘Ben-Ich’ prefix. In Elizabeth P. Benson (ed.), Mesoamerican writing systems, 99–143. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. MacLeod, Barbara
    (1984) Cholan and Yucatecan verb morphology and glyphic verbal affixes in the inscriptions. In John Justeson & Lyle Campbell (eds.), Phoneticism in Mayan hieroglyphic writing. ( Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Publications, 9.), 233–262. Albany: State University of New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. (1990) Deciphering the primary standard sequence. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas, Austin.
  59. Macri, Martha
    (1991a) The script on La Mojarra Stela 1 and Classic Maya writing. In Janet S. Smith & David L. Schmidt (eds.), Literacies: Writing Systems and Literate Practices. (Davis Working Papers in Linguistics #4.), 11–23. Davis: University of California at Davis.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. (1991b) Prepositions and complementizers in the classic period inscriptions. In Merle G. Robertson & Virginia M. Fields (eds.), Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986, 266–272. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Macri, Martha J. & Matthew G. Looper
    (2003) The new catalog of Maya hieroglyphs, vol. 1: The classic period inscriptions. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. (2011) Maya hieroglyphic database. Beta version available with permission of authors. Davis: University of California.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Mathews, Peter & John Justeson S
    (1984) Patterns of sign substitution in Maya hieroglyphic writing: The affix cluster. In John Justeson & Lyle Campbell (eds.), Phoneticism in Maya hieroglyphic writing. ( Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Publications, 9.), 185–231. Albany: State University of New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Moholy-Nagy, Hattula
    (2008) Tikal Report 27, Part A: The artifacts of Tikal: Ornamental and ceremonial artifacts and unworked material. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. doi: 10.2307/3181499
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3181499 [Google Scholar]
  65. Mora-Marín, David F
    (1996) The social context for the origins of Mayan writing: The formative ceremonial complex, portable elite objects, and interregional exchange. Unpublished Senior Honors Thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. (1997) The origins of Maya writing: The case for portable objects. In Tom Jones & Carolyn Jones (eds.), U Mut Maya VII, 133–164. Arcata: Humboldt State University.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. (2000) The syllabic value of sign T77 as k’i. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing46: 8–45.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. (2001a) The grammar, orthography, content, and social context of Late Preclassic Mayan portable texts. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University at Albany, New York.
  69. (2001b) Late Preclassic inscription documentation (LAPIDA) project. Retrieved from: www.famsi.org/reports/99049/99049MoraMarín01.pdf.
  70. (2003) The origin of Mayan syllabograms and orthographic conventions. Written Language and Literacy6(2): 193–237. doi: 10.1075/wll.6.2.04mor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/wll.6.2.04mor [Google Scholar]
  71. (2005) Kaminaljuyu Stela 10: Script classification and linguistic affiliation. Ancient Mesoamerica16: 63–87. doi: 10.1017/s0956536105050029
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536105050029 [Google Scholar]
  72. (2008) Análisis epigráfico y lingüístico de la escritura maya del período Preclásico Tardío: Implicaciones para la historia sociolingüística de la region. In Juan Pedro Laporte , Bárbara Arroyo & Héctor E. Mejía (eds.), XXI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2007, 853–876. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. (2009a) A test and falsification of the ‘Classic Ch’olti’an’ hypothesis: A study of three Proto-Ch’olan markers. International Journal of American Linguistics75(2): 115–157. doi: 10.1086/596592
    https://doi.org/10.1086/596592 [Google Scholar]
  74. (2009b) The ideology and ritual of early Mayan kingship: Evidence from Late Preclassic texts. Unpublished manuscript distributed electronically by the author among epigraphers and art historians on 1/13/09; shared upon request.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. (2010a) La epigrafía y paleografía de la escritura preclásica maya: nuevas metodologías y resultados preliminares. In Bárbara Arroyo , Adriana Linares Palma & Lorena Paiz Aragón (eds.), XXIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2009, 1045–1057. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. (2010b) A note on a glyph from the San Bartolo murals: A possible rebus based on *7aj ‘reed’ for *7aj+ ‘male/large/occupation proclitic’. Wayeb Notes33: 1–5.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. (2010c) Consonant deletion, obligatory synharmony, typical suffixing: An explanation of spelling practices in Mayan writing. Written Language and Literacy13: 118–179. doi: 10.1075/wll.13.1.05mor
    https://doi.org/10.1075/wll.13.1.05mor [Google Scholar]
  78. Morley, Sylvannus G
    (1938) The inscriptions of Petén. 5 vols. ( Carnegie Institution of Washington 437.) Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institution of Washington. doi: 10.1038/142248a0
    https://doi.org/10.1038/142248a0 [Google Scholar]
  79. Prem, Hans J
    (1973) A tentative classification of non-Maya inscriptions in Mesoamerica. Indiana1: 29–59.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Prufer, Keith M. , Andrew Kindon & Phillip Wanyerka
    (2006) Uxbenka archaeological project (UAP): Site settlement in the Rio Blanco Valley, Toledo district, Belize. In John Morris , Sherilyne Jones , Jaime Awe & Christophe Helmke (eds.), Research reports of Belizean archaeology, vol. 3, 247–257. Belmopan, Belize: Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Rivera Castillo, Patricia
    (2007) Cerámica de San Bartolo, Petén: Resultados preliminares. In Juan Pedro Laporte , Bárbara Arroyo & Héctor E. Mejía (eds.), XX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2006, 1363–1381. Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Robicsek, Francis & Donald Hales
    (1981) The Maya book of the dead: The ceramic codex. Charlottesville: The University of Virginia Museum. Distributed by the University of Oklahoma Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Saturno, William , Karl Taube & David Stuart
    (2005) The murals of San Bartolo, El Petén, Guatemala, Part I: The north wall. Ancient America7: 1–75. Barnardsville, North Carolina: Center for Ancient American Studies.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Saturno, William , David Stuart & Boris Beltrán
    (2006) Early Maya writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala. Science311: 1281–1283. doi: 10.1126/science.1121745.
    https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121745 [Google Scholar]
  85. Schele, Linda
    (n.d.). The Linda Schele drawings collection. Retrieved from: www.famsi.org/research/schele/.
  86. Schele, Linda & David Freidel
    (1990) A forest of kings. The untold story of the ancient Maya. New York: W. Morrow and Company. doi: 10.1086/489101
    https://doi.org/10.1086/489101 [Google Scholar]
  87. Schele, Linda , Nikolai Grube & Federico Fahsen
    (1994) The Xukpi Stone: A newly discovered Early Classic inscription from the Copan Acropolis. Part II, Commentary on the text (version 2). Copan Notes114: 1–8. Copán, Hondura: Copán Mosaics Project and the Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Schele, Linda , Peter Mathews & Floyd Lounsbury
    (1990) Redating the Hauberg stela. Texas Notes on Precolumbian Art, Writing, and Culture1: 1–4.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Smith, A. Ledyard
    (1950) Uaxactún, Guatemala: Excavations of 1931–1937. ( Publication 588 ). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. doi: 10.2307/276803
    https://doi.org/10.2307/276803 [Google Scholar]
  90. Soustelle, Jacques
    (1979) Les Olmèques: La plus ancienne civilisation du Mexique. Paris: Arthaud. doi: 10.2307/280622
    https://doi.org/10.2307/280622 [Google Scholar]
  91. Stone, Doris Z
    (1977) Pre-columbian man in Costa Rica. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Stuart, David
    (1988) The Rio Azul cacao pot: Epigraphic observations on the function of a Maya ceramic vessel. Antiquity62: 153–157. doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00073634
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00073634 [Google Scholar]
  93. (1995) A study of Maya inscriptions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
  94. (2005) Spreading wings: A possible origin of the k’i Syllable. Mesoweb publication. Retrieved from: www.mesoweb.com/.
  95. Taube, Karl A
    (1989) The maize tamale in Classic Maya diet, epigraphy, and art. American Antiquity54: 31–51. doi: 10.2307/281330
    https://doi.org/10.2307/281330 [Google Scholar]
  96. Taube, Karl , William A. Saturno , David Stuart & Heather Hurst
    (2010) Los murales de San Bartolo, El Petén, Guatemala, Parte 2: El mural poniente. Ancient America10: 1–111. Barnardsville, North Carolina: Center for Ancient American Studies.
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Thompson, Eric J
    (1962) A catalogue of Maya hieroglyphs. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. doi: 10.1126/science.141.3575.34.
    https://doi.org/10.1126/science.141.3575.34 [Google Scholar]
  98. Tokovinine, Alexandre & Albert Davletshin
    (2001) Patterned spellings in Maya orthography. Paper presented at the Symposium on Early Mesoameican Writing Systems, March 2001 , sponsored by theTexas Maya Meetings and organized by David Mora-Marín.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Zender, Marc U
    (1999) Diacritical marks and underspelling in the Classic Maya script: Implications for decipherment. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. (2001) Ligatures in the Maya script (unpublished material cited in Tokovinine & Davletshin 2001).
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Zimmerman, Günter
    (1956) Die Hieroglyphen der Maya hand schriften. Hamburg: Cram, de Gruyter & Co. doi: 10.1515/9783111588933
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111588933 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/wll.19.1.02mor
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/wll.19.1.02mor
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error