1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics
  4. Volume 29, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 29, Issue 1
  • ISSN 0155-0640
  • E-ISSN: 1833-7139
PDF

Abstract

Most practitioners teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) will agree that students come with some expectations about course content and teaching methodology and that these expectations play a vital role in student motivation and learning. However, the study of student expectations has been a surprising omission from Second Language Acquisition research. In the studies reported here, we develop a model of student expectations by adapting the Expectation Disconfirmation paradigm, widely used in consumer psychology. Student and teacher perspectives on student expectations were gathered by interviews. Responses shed light on the nature of expectations, factors causing expectations and effects of expectation fulfilment (or lack of it). The findings provide new avenues for research on affective factors as well as clarify some ambiguities in motivational research in second language acquisition. The model presented here can be used by teachers or institutions to conduct classroom-based research, thus optimising students’ learning and performance, and enhancing student morale.

© 2006 John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.2104/aral0604
2006-01-01
2024-10-11

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.2104/aral0604
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Alsop, Thomas
    1979 ‘A need to discover how students have been taught foreign languages’. Foreign language annals12: 197–199. doi: 10.1111/j.1944‑9720.1979.tb00169.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1979.tb00169.x [Google Scholar]
  2. Antier, Maurice
    1976 ‘Language teaching as a form of witchcraft’. ELT journal31: 1–10. doi: 10.1093/elt/XXXI.1.1
     https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/XXXI.1.1 [Google Scholar]
  3. Au, Shun
    1988 ‘A critical appraisal of Gardner’s social-psychological theory of second-language (L2) learning’. Language learning38: 75–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1988.tb00402.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1988.tb00402.x [Google Scholar]
  4. Bassano, Sharron
    1986 ‘Helping learners adapt to unfamiliar methods’. ELT journal40: 13–19. doi: 10.1093/elt/40.1.13
     https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/40.1.13 [Google Scholar]
  5. Belmechri, Faiza ; Hummel, Kristen
    1998 ‘Orientations and motivation in the acquisition of English as a second language among high school students in Quebec City’. Language learning48: 219–244. doi: 10.1111/1467‑9922.00040
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.00040 [Google Scholar]
  6. Clément, Richard ; Kruidenier, Bastian
    1985 ‘Aptitude, attitude, and motivation in second language proficiency: A test of Clément’s model’. Journal of language and social psychology4: 21–37. doi: 10.1177/0261927X8500400102
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X8500400102 [Google Scholar]
  7. Crookes, Graham ; Schmidt, Richard
    1991 ‘Motivation: Reopening the research agenda’. Language learning41: 469–512. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1991.tb00690.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00690.x [Google Scholar]
  8. Csizer, Kata ; Dörnyei, Zoltan
    2005 ‘Language learners’ motivational profiles and their motivated learning behaviour’. Language learning55: 613–659. doi: 10.1111/j.0023‑8333.2005.00319.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-8333.2005.00319.x [Google Scholar]
  9. Curtin, John
    1979 ‘Attitudes to language learning: the adult student’. ELT journal33: 281–284. doi: 10.1093/elt/XXXIII.4.281
     https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/XXXIII.4.281 [Google Scholar]
  10. Dörnyei, Zoltan
    1994 ‘Motivation and motivating in foreign language classroom’. The modern language journal78: 273–284. doi: 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.1994.tb02042.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02042.x [Google Scholar]
  11. 2005 The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Frank, Jerome
    1968 ‘The influence of patients’ and therapists’ expectations on the outcome of psychotherapy’. British journal of medical psychology41: 349–356. doi: 10.1111/j.2044‑8341.1968.tb02043.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1968.tb02043.x [Google Scholar]
  13. Gardner, Robert ; Lambert, Wallace
    1959 ‘Motivation variables in second language acquisition’. Canadian journal of psychology13: 266–272. doi: 10.1037/h0083787
     https://doi.org/10.1037/h0083787 [Google Scholar]
  14. 1972 Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Gardner, Robert ; Santos, E
    1970 ‘Motivational variables in second language acquisition: a Philippine investigation’. Research bulletin149. London, Ontario: Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Gardner, Robert ; Smythe, Padric ; Clément, Richard
    1978 ‘Intensive second language study in a bicultural milieu: An investigation of attitudes, motivation and language proficiency’. Language learning29: 305–320. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1979.tb01071.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1979.tb01071.x [Google Scholar]
  17. Gass, Susan
    2001 ‘Innovations in second language research methods’. Annual review of applied linguistics21: 221–232. doi: 10.1017/S0267190501000137
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190501000137 [Google Scholar]
  18. Lalonde, Richard ; Gardner, Robert
    1984 ‘Investigating a causal model of second language acquisition: where does personality fit?’ Canadian journal of behavioural science16: 224–237. doi: 10.1037/h0080844
     https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080844 [Google Scholar]
  19. Lukmani, Yasmeen
    1972 ‘Motivation to learn and language proficiency’. Language learning22: 261–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1972.tb00087.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00087.x [Google Scholar]
  20. Martin, Susan
    2003 ‘Using SERVQUAL in health libraries across Somerset, Devon and Cornwall’. Health Information and libraries journal20: 15–21. doi: 10.1046/j.1471‑1842.2003.00404.x
     https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-1842.2003.00404.x [Google Scholar]
  21. Masgoret, Ann-Marie ; Gardner, Robert
    2003 ‘Attitudes, motivation, and second language learning: A meta-analysis of studies conducted by Gardner and associates’. Language learning53: 123–163. doi: 10.1111/1467‑9922.00212
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.00212 [Google Scholar]
  22. McKinney, Vicki ; Yoon, Kanghyun ; Zahedi, Fatemeh
    2002 ‘The measurement of web-customer satisfaction: An expectation and disconfirmation approach’. Information systems research3: 296–315. doi: 10.1287/isre.13.3.296.76
     https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.13.3.296.76 [Google Scholar]
  23. McNamara, Timothy
    2001 ‘The roots of applied linguistics in Australia’. Australian review of applied linguistics24: 13–29.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Miller, John
    1977 ‘Studying satisfaction, modifying models, eliciting expectations, posing problems, and making meaningful measurements’. InConceptualization and measurement of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfactionedited by Hunt, Keith . Bloomington: School of Business, Indiana University.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Noyes, Robert ; Levy, Marvin ; Chase, Charle ; Udrey, Richard
    1974 ‘Expectation fulfilment as a measure of patient satisfaction’. American journal of obstetrics and gynaecology118: 809–814. doi: 10.1016/0002‑9378(74)90493‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(74)90493-1 [Google Scholar]
  26. Nunan, David
    1994 Research methods in language learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. 2001 ‘English as global language’. TESOL quarterly35 (4): 605–606. doi: 10.2307/3588436
     https://doi.org/10.2307/3588436 [Google Scholar]
  28. Oller, John ; Baca, Lori ; Vigil, Alfred
    1977a ‘Attitudes and attained proficiency in ESL: A sociolinguistic study of Mexican Americans in the southwest’. TESOL quarterly11: 173–183. doi: 10.2307/3585453
     https://doi.org/10.2307/3585453 [Google Scholar]
  29. Oller, John ; Hudson, Alan ; Liu, Phyllis
    1977b ‘Attitudes and attained proficiency in ESL: A sociolinguistic study of native speakers of Chinese in the United States’. Language learning27: 1–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1977.tb00289.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1977.tb00289.x [Google Scholar]
  30. Oxford, Rebecca ; Shearin, Jill
    1994 ‘Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework’. The modern language journal78: 12–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.1994.tb02011.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02011.x [Google Scholar]
  31. Ozge, Uzan
    2001 ‘Patient satisfaction with nursing care at a university hospital in Turkey’. Journal of nursing care quality16; 24–33. doi: 10.1097/00001786‑200110000‑00004
     https://doi.org/10.1097/00001786-200110000-00004 [Google Scholar]
  32. Parasuraman, A ; Zeithaml, Valarie ; Berry, Leonard
    1985 ‘A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research’. Journal of marketing49: 41–50. doi: 10.2307/1251430
     https://doi.org/10.2307/1251430 [Google Scholar]
  33. 1988 ‘SERVQUAL: A multiple item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality’. Journal of retailing64: 12–40.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Richards, Lyn ; Richards, Tom
    1981 NUDIST: A computer assisted technique for thematic analysis of unstructured data. Bundoora, Vic.: Dept. of Sociology, La Trobe University.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Ross, Caroline ; Frommelt, Gayle ; Hazelwood, Lisa ; Chang, Rowland
    1987 ‘The role of expectations in patient satisfaction with medical care’. Journal of health care marketing7: 16–26.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Ross, Catherine ; Wheaton, Blaire ; Duff, Raymond
    1981 ‘Client satisfaction and the organization of medical practices: Why time counts’. Journal of health and social behavior22: 243–255. doi: 10.2307/2136519
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2136519 [Google Scholar]
  37. Santos, Jessica ; Boote, Jonathan
    2003 ‘A theoretical exploration and model of consumer expectations, post-purchase affective states and affective behaviour’. Journal of consumer behaviour3: 142–156. doi: 10.1002/cb.129
     https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.129 [Google Scholar]
  38. Spolsky, Bernard
    2000 ‘Anniversary article: Language motivation revisited’. Applied linguistics21: 157–169. doi: 10.1093/applin/21.2.157
     https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/21.2.157 [Google Scholar]
  39. Tan, Kay ; Kek, Sei
    2004 ‘Service quality in higher education using an enhanced SERVQUAL approach’. Quality in higher education10: 17–24. doi: 10.1080/1353832242000195032
     https://doi.org/10.1080/1353832242000195032 [Google Scholar]
  40. Tremblay, Paul ; Gardner, Robert ; Heipel, Gerwin
    2000 ‘A model of the relationships among measures of affect, aptitude, and performance in introductory statistics’. Canadian journal of behavioural science32: 40–48. doi: 10.1037/h0087099
     https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087099 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.2104/aral0604
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error