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- Volume 12, Issue, 1985
Historiographia Linguistica - Volume 12, Issue 3, 1985
Volume 12, Issue 3, 1985
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Missionary Linguistics in Seventeenth Century Ireland and a North American Analogy
Author(s): Vivian Salmonpp.: 321–349 (29)More LessSUMMARYAccounts of Christian missionary linguists in the 16th and 17th centuries are usually devoted to their achievements in the Americas and the Far East, and it is seldom remarked that, at the time when English Protestant missionaries were attempting to meet the challenge of unknown languages on the Eastern seaboard of North America, their fellow missionary-linguists were confronted with similar problems much nearer home - in Ireland, where the native language was quite as difficult as the Amerindian speech with which John Eliot and Roger Williams were engaged. Outside Ireland, few historians of linguistics have noted the extraordinarily interesting socio-linguistic situation in this period, when English Protestants and native-born Jesuits and Franciscans, revisiting their homeland covertly from abroad, did battle for the hearts and minds of the Irish-speaking population - nominally Catholic, but often so remote from^contacts with their Mother Church that they seemed, to contemporary missionaries, to be hardly more Christian than the Amerindians. The linguistic problems of 16th-and 17th-century Ireland have often been discussed by historians dealing with attempts by Henry VIII and his successors to incorporate Ireland into a Protestant English state in respect of language, religion and forms of government, and during the 16th century various official initiatives were taken to convert the Irish to the beliefs of an English-speaking church. But it was in the 17th century that consistent and determined efforts were made by individual Englishmen, holding high ecclesiastical office in Ireland, to convert their nominal parishioners, not by forcing them to seek salvation via the English language, but to bring it to them by means of Irish-speaking ministers preaching the Gospel and reciting the Liturgy in their own vernacular. This paper describes the many parallels between the problems confronting Protestant missionaries in North America and these 17th-century Englishmen in Ireland, and — since the work of the American missions is relatively well-known — discusses in greater detail the achievements of missionary linguists in Ireland.RÉSUMÉQuand on traite des linguistes missionaires des XVIe et XVIIe siècles, c'est généralement pout parler de leurs travaux aux Amériques et en Extrême-Orient; et l'on remarque rarement qu'à l'epoque ou les missionaires protestants anglais tentaient de relever le defi des langues inconnues de la cote est de l'Amerique du Nord, leurs confreres en linguistique missionnaire se trouvaient confrontes a des problemes analogues bien plus pres du pays natal: en Irlande, ou la langue locale etait tout aussi difficile que l'idiome ameridien auquel s'attaquaient John Eliot et Roger Williams. En dehors de l'lrlande, il n'y a guere d'historiens de la linguistique qui aient remarque la situation socio-linguistique extremement in-teressante de cette epoque ou des Protestants anglais et des Jesuites et Francis-cains de couche autochtone, qui, de l'etranger, reviennent en secret au pays, menent bataille pour conquerir les coeurs et les ames de la population de langue irlandaise, catholique nominalement, mais souvent si coupée de l'Eglise mere qu'elle semblait aux missionaires de l'epoque a peine plus chretienne que les tribus amerindiennes. Les problemes linguistiques de l'lrlande des XVIe et XVIIe siecles ont ete souvent discutes par les historiens a propos des tentatives d'Henri VIII qui visaient a integrer l'lrlande dans un Etat anglais protestant aux points de vue langue, religion et formes de gouvernement; et le XVIe siècle connut mainte initiative officielle en vue de convertir les Irlandais aux croyances d'une Eglise de langue anglaise. Mais c'est au XVIIIe siecle que des efforts coherents et determines furent entrepris par des Anglais, titulaires de hautes charges eccle-siastiques en Irlande, afin de convertir leurs paroissiens nominaux, non pas en les forçant a chercher le salut via la langue anglaise, mais en le leur apportant par l'intermediaire de ministres parlant irlandais, prechant l'Evangile et celebrant la liturgie dans leur idiome. Le present article decrit les nombreux paralleles existant entre les problemes qui se posaient aux missionnaires protestants en Amerique du Nord et aux Anglais du XVIIe siecle en Irlande; et puisque l'oeuvre des missions americaines est relativement bien connue, on s'attardera ici specialement sur les travaux des linguistes missionnaires en Irlande.
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Al-Jurjani: A Pioneer of Grammatical and Linguistic Studies
Author(s): Raji M. Rammunypp.: 351–371 (21)More LessSUMMARYMost of the early Arab grammarians were chiefly concerned with the description of language structure and particularly the problem of explaining the inflectional marks. Al-Jurjanf, in the fifth century AH/eleventh century AD, was the first among Arab grammarians to depart from earlier trend of linguistic analysis and to put forward a demonstrable theory for the study of language and grammar in terms of the interrelationships that bind the constituents of speech together. According to al-Jurjani, there are three types of relationships: syntactic relationships, semantic relationships, and the relationship between syntax and semantics. This paper contains a systematic account of these syntactic-semantic interrelationships in particular, and al-Jurjani's approach and methodology to language and grammar in general. Our investigation is based on an intensive study of the concepts of nazm (discourse arrangement) and tacliq (interrelationship) which al-JurjanT discussed with ample evidence and cogent reasoning in his major work Dala'il al-fjaz (Illustrations of the Inimitability [of the Qur'an]). A distinctive feature of this research is the effort made to show the connection between al-Jurjani's linguistic concepts and equivalent notions used in modern linguistics. The study concludes with an important fact; namely, that al-JurjanT was one of the frontier scholars to call for the study of language on the basis of syntactic-semantic functions and as a discipline independent of grammatical regents.RESUMELa plupart des grammairiens Arabes s'interessaient à la description de la structure des langues et, en particulier, au probleme de l'explication des signes d'inflexion. Au cinquieme siecle AH/XIe siecle A.D., al-Jurjani etait le premier des grammairiens Arabes a diverger de ce genre traditionnel d'analyse linguis-tique et a avancer une theorie pratiquable pour l'etude des langues et de la grammaire sous forme de rapports qui relient les constituants de la parole. Selon al-JurjanT, il existe trois genres de rapports: relations syntaxiques, relations semantiques, et relations entre la syntaxe et la semantique. Cette etude contient un recit systematique de ces rapports syntacto-semantiques en particulier, et l'approche et la methodologie d'al-Jurjanl envers la langue et la grammaire en general. Notre recherche est basee sur une etude pousse des concepts du nazm ('organisation du discours') et de tacliq ('interrelation') qu'al-Jurjanl a discute avec ample evidence et un raisonnement convaincant dans son ouvrage principal Dala'il al-Icjaz (Demonstrations de l'Inimitabilite [du Koran]). Un point distinctif de cette recherche c'est l'effort fait pour de montrer la connection entre les conceptions linguistiques d'al-Jurjanl et des notions equivalen-tes utilisees dans la linguistique moderne. L'etude termine sur un point important, a savoir qu'al-Jurjani etait un des premiers savants qui ont exige une etude de la langue basee sur les fonctions syntactiques-semantiques et comme une discipline independante des regents grammaticaux.
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La Herencia De La Retorica Classica En La "Minerva" De Francisco Sanchez De Las Brozas
Author(s): José Miguel Hernández Terréspp.: 373–387 (15)More LessSUMMARYThe aim of the present article is to clarify certain aspects pertaining to the interpretation of the grammatical theory of Francisco Sanchez de las Brozas. In particular, an attempt is made to explain the occurrence in his syntactic theory of certain elements of classical rhetoric: those referring to what is known as figured syntax. In the Minerva, the presence of constructional figures (ellipsis, zeugma, pleonasm, syllepsis and hyperbaton) signifies a drastic and rational reduction in respect to what was commonly to be found in the grammatical tradition de las Brozas inherited. The reduction is justified given his predominantly syntactic conception of grammar, one which leads him to consider only grammatical alterations of a propositional nature, viewed as deviations which must be explained by grammar. On the other hand, the very inclusion of such rhetorical figures in the sphere of grammar is justified for de las Brozas because, it is claimed, they are normal speech phenomena, not just confined to the art of rhetoric.RÉSUMÉLe present article a comme but de reexaminer quelques aspects de la theorie grammaticale de Francisco Sanchez de las Brozas, notamment ceux qui tem-moignent de 1'influence de la rhetorique classique et que Ton a coutume d'ap-peler syntaxe figuree. Le nombre des figures rhetoriques (ellipse, zeugma, pleonasme, syllepse et hyperbate) dans la Minerva est sensiblement inferieur a ce qu'on connait de la tradition grammaticale anterieure au Brocense. Cette reduction est justifiee par une conception eminemment syntactique de la grammaire, ce qui amene le Brocense a etudier les alterations grammaticales appartenant au discours comme des ecarts qui doivent etre expliques par la grammaire. D'ailleurs, il justifie sa facon de proceder affirmant que les figures de rhetorique sont des phenomenes normaux de la parole et que, par consequent, elles n'en-trent pas exclusivement dans le champ de la rhetorique.
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A Century of Research in Franco-Provenç Al and Poitevin: Eastern Vs. Western Gallo-Romance
Author(s): Kathryn Klingebielpp.: 389–407 (19)More LessSUMMARYWithin the Gallo-Romance domain, Franco-Provençal and its western correlate Poitevin have been variously labeled 'independent languages', 'dialects of French', or 'dialects of oc', At least one attempt has been made to link these two lateral entities against both the north and the south. A historical survey of these conflicting claims encompasses non-partisan methodologies such as dialect geography and linguistic atlases as well as theoretical developments affecting Romance studies during the last one hundred years. Late 19th century research had not yet resolved antinomies between speech and script or between dialect study and historical grammar. Recent research into time and direction of Romanization, significantly clarifying the bi-(or tri-)partitioning of Gaul, has complemented increasingly sophisticated work in all these fields. Yet frequent overemphasis on segmentation, coupled with a failure to distinguish shared linguistic fate from 'language' in its general Romance acception, cannot be allowed to obscure the fact that both FP and Poitevin belong to Gallo-Romance; the successful investigation of either must continue to mesh grammar, lexis, scripta, and geohistory.RÉSUMÉLe franco-provençal et son analogue atlantique, le poitevin, se sont vus appliquer les etiquettes 'langue independante', 'dialecte d'oil', ou 'dialecte d'oc'. On a meme voulu relier ces deux aires laterales par rapport aux grandes langues du nord et du sud. L'etude de ces contradictions permet de faire un bilan chronologique des developpements methodologiques (tels que les atlas et la lin-guistique geographiques) et des theories avancees dans les etudes romanes. Les recherches du siecle dernier ne distinguaient pas encore la langue parlee de la langue ecrite, ou la dialectologie de la grammaire historique. Tout en comple-tant les resultats realises depuis un siecle dans tous ces domaines, des travaux recents concernant les etapes chronologiques et geographiques de la romanisa-tion ont beaucoup eclairci la bi- (ou tri-)partition de la Gaule et ses repercussions linguistiques. La place du franco-provençal et du poitevin au sein du do-maine gallo-roman ne doit etre obscurcie ni par une tendance trop marquee a la segmentation, ni par la difficulte de distinguer entre 'sort commun linguisti-que' et 'langue' proprement dite. Pour reussir, l'investigation de ces deux entites doit tenir compte du lexique, de la grammaire, de la scripta, et de la geohistoire.
Volumes & issues
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Volume 50 (2023)
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Volume 49 (2022)
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Volume 48 (2021)
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Volume 47 (2020)
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Volume 46 (2019)
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Volume 45 (2018)
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Volume 44 (2017)
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Volume 43 (2016)
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Volume 41 (2014)
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Volume 40 (2013)
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Volume 38 (2011)
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Volume 23 (1996)
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Volume 22 (1995)
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Volume 21 (1994)
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Volume 19 (1992)
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Volume 18 (1991)
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Volume 17 (1990)
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Volume 16 (1989)
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Volume 14 (1987)
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Volume 13 (1986)
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Volume 12 (1985)
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Volume 11 (1984)
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Volume 10 (1983)
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Volume 9 (1982)
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Volume 8 (1981)
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Volume 7 (1980)
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Volume 6 (1979)
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Volume 5 (1978)
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Volume 4 (1977)
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Volume 3 (1976)
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Volume 2 (1975)
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Volume 1 (1974)
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