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- Volume 11, Issue, 2002
Information Design Journal - Volume 11, Issue 1, 2002
Volume 11, Issue 1, 2002
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Computer graphics in the cockpit
Author(s): Erik Theunissen and Tim Etheringtonpp.: 4–16 (13)More LessSpatially integrated data presentation for electronic flight displays was first proposed over forty years ago. Yet, in current state-of-the-art cockpits, only 2-D instruments are depicted on the electronic displays. The first part of this paper will discuss today’s state-of-the-art in 3-D computer graphics in relation to the graphics used in today’s electronic flight displays and illustrate how properties of the display medium, system requirements, image generation capabilities and current practices influence the design. The second part will discuss the design rationale behind a synthetic vision display format in the light of the requirements and constraints.
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Displays in air traffic control: Arrival/Departure coordination
Author(s): Markus Ortpp.: 17–31 (15)More LessCommercial aviation is becoming more and more important these days. From year to year there is an accelerated increase in the density of air traffic. The resulting fast growth in the flow of data between controllers and the technical systems they use, as well as that between controller and pilot, calls for new means of communication and visualization of information and interaction with it. Revised concepts for air traffic control must be applied, to deal safely with the increasing volume of traffic in the future. The main focus must be on designing an appropriate interface to support the interaction between ground and cockpit, making the communication as efficient, convenient and secure as possible. This undoubtedly goes further than just making information accessible in a digital format.Despite the importance and complexity of the subject, interdisciplinary projects to achieve this were launched only recently. However, as time goes on, more ergonomics specialists, psychologists and designers are working in this field dominated by engineers and programmers. So far, only a few cooperative projects have been undertaken between information designers, interaction designers and air traffic control specialists to create new interface solutions. This is all the more surprising since the structuring and visualization of this immense flow of data, the mapping of dynamic processes and the search for new means of communication constitute a highly interesting field. There is a strong belief that only such cooperation can lead to a coherent product, if interfaces are to be developed which can unfold the potential of the new Datalink-technology. The project described in this article was undertaken at the Design Department of the University of Applied Sciences Cologne, in cooperation with engineers from the Berlin University of Technology/ Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics/ Section Flight Guidance and Transportation and IT-specialists and air traffic controllers from Skyguide (Zürich and Geneva). After a brief summary of the general situation in air traffic control and the work that controllers do, my aim in this article is to present a feasible interface solution for the arrival/departure sector, one of the most crucial areas of air traffic control.
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Designing future advanced controller displays
Author(s): Ernst Kesseler and Ed Knapenpp.: 32–43 (12)More LessThis paper describes the design of an advanced human-machine interface for well-trained, professional users, i.e. air traffic controllers. The safety implications of their tasks, combined with the short reaction time available to the user, result in high demands on the interface between the human and the supporting information system. The increasing demand for air traffic capacity (which can not be accommodated by just deploying more personnel as the additional co-ordination offsets the workload reduction) necessitates the introduction of innovative support tools to prevent human overload. Experience with the introduction of such tools stresses the need to design their user interfaces using a ‘human-centred approach’, contrasting with the traditional ‘technology-centred approach’.
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Displaying multi-domain graphical databases: An evaluation of scanning clutter, display size, and user activity
Author(s): Paul Kroft and Christopher D. Wickenspp.: 44–52 (9)More LessDisplay designers are often given the challenge of placing a large amount of information within a limited amount of display ‘real estate’. One possible solution to the problem is combining databases of information pertaining to the same spatial area into one, integrated display, reducing the amount of scanning required and allowing information to be presented in a larger display. On the other hand, integration will also increase the clutter of the displays. The effects of clutter may be mitigated through the use of decluttering techniques, but some of these solutions may require additional user interactivity. In the experiment, student pilots used six display configurations to answer multiple choice questions about the current airspace situation. Two databases, a navigation database and an air hazard database, were presented in each display. In addition, the type of question (focused or divided attention) was manipulated to assess the effects of the task on display performance. Responses were faster when the databases were integrated than separated, particularly when questions required integration across both databases, where accuracy also was greater. These results suggest that the combined benefits of reduced scanning and larger display size outweigh the costs of clutter. Interaction of any sort imposed a time cost, which was greatest when the questions involved both databases.
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A model of genre in document layout
Author(s): Judy Delin, John A. Bateman and Patrick Allenpp.: 54–66 (13)More LessWe present a framework for the describing the genres of illustrated documents, based on analysis at five levels: content structure, rhetorical structure, layout structure, navigation structure, and linguistic structure. We also include three sources of constraints under which a document might be produced and interpreted: canvas constraints, production constraints, and consumption constraints. Document genres are conceptualised as complex specifications composed of descriptions at each of the five levels that conform in characteristic ways to the three kinds of constraint. We propose that the eight parameters together form a ‘space’ of possible identities for documents, electronic or paper. The notion of ‘genre space’ captures the fact that it is possible for new genres to develop at different positions in the space, as well enabling relationships between document types, or even transformations between them, to be examined and described.
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Social issues infotainment: Using emotions and entertainment to attract readers’ attention in social issues leaflets
Author(s): Judy Gregorypp.: 67–81 (15)More LessPrinted leaflets are widely used in social issues campaigns, but there is little evidence to suggest that they are consistently successful and little research to help campaigners decide what techniques will attract audience attention. Existing research suggests that leaflets may be successful for audiences who are actively looking for information, but less successful for audiences who either don’t know or don’t care about the topic being promoted. In this paper, I focus on the strategies that campaigners use to attract readers’ attention to social issues leaflets. I identify two broad message strategies – information/argument strategies and emotion/entertainment strategies – and, through a review of the social issues literature, examine how these strategies are typically used by campaigners. I review a collection of existing social issues leaflets to explore the strategies most frequently used, and analyse one leaflet to describe how attention-getting strategies are used in practice. Through my review of existing leaflets, I conclude that most leaflets adopt an information/argument strategy to present their information. I argue that this may explain why leaflets are most useful for audiences who are already interested in the topic. The information/argument strategy provides straightforward information: it assumes an interested audience and does little to attract audience attention. I question whether leaflets may be more successful with uninterested audiences if they adopted some of the attention-getting devices included in the emotion/entertainment message strategy.
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Designing Information Design
Author(s): Dino Karabegpp.: 82–90 (9)More LessBy designing information design we arrive at a completely new approach to information. Within this new approach we are able to create new information formats, find new uses for the new media, give information new purposes, create new kinds of information and develop new methods for creating information. The Polyscopic Modeling methodology is proposed as a prototype of a designed informing.
Volumes & issues
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Volume 29 (2024)
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Volume 28 (2023)
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Volume 27 (2022)
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Volume 26 (2021)
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Volume 25 (2019)
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Volume 24 (2018)
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Volume 23 (2017)
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Volume 22 (2016)
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Volume 21 (2014)
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Volume 20 (2013)
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Volume 19 (2011)
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Volume 18 (2010)
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Volume 17 (2009)
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Volume 16 (2008)
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Volume 15 (2007)
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Volume 14 (2006)
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Volume 13 (2005)
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Volume 12 (2004)
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Volume 11 (2002)
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Volume 10 (2000)
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Volume 9 (1998)
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Volume 8 (1995)
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Volume 7 (1993)
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Volume 6 (1990)
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Volume 5 (1986)
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Volume 4 (1984)
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Volume 3 (1982)
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Volume 2 (1981)
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Volume 1 (1979)
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