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- Volume 10, Issue, 1986
Lingvisticæ Investigationes - Volume 10, Issue 2, 1986
Volume 10, Issue 2, 1986
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Le Problème Des Forclusifs Romans
Author(s): Klaus von Bremenpp.: 223–265 (43)More LessRESUMEL'analyse des forclusifs comme ou bien des quantifieurs, ou bien des anaphores n'est pas tenable. Plutôt, ils sont à analyser comme des TPN d'un genre spécial, ayant une lecture très générale et abstraite, mais non-émotive, et différente de celle des TPN ordinaires. Ils sont associés à une négation sous-jacente, négation qui s'efface en structure de surface dans certains contextes, effacement sujet à des contraintes variant de langue en langue.Les TPN comme âme qui vive, palabra, de la vie, en la vida ont un caractère intermédiaire. Ce sont fondamentalement des TPN "ordinaires", mais qui par leur lecture très générale s'apparentent aux forclusifs, avec lesquels ils partagent certains traits syntaxiques, comme l'omission de pas et de ni. Ces particules sont des encodages, en structure de surface, de la dépendance des TPN ordinaires de la négation.SUMMARYTerms like French (ne) personne, Italian (non) nessuno have been dealt with as either polarity items, anaphors or quantifiers. The latter two analyses are based on either faulty, doubtful or insufficient data.On my analysis, they are indefinite pronouns of a very general reading, associated with an underlying negation, which is deleted under conditions varying as between both languages and contexts. As such, they occur both in simple negated sentences, corresponding to English nobody, etc., and in polarity contexts, corresponding to anybody, etc. They are not restricted to emotive contexts.Terms like (pas) un chat occur only in emotive contexts, and result in a reading, where the polarity item forms unity with the negation.Terms like âme qui vive occupy an intermediate position behaving syntactically more like (pas) un chat, etc., but carrying the very general reading of (ne) personne, etc., and, like the latter, deleting the negation in certain contexts.
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Le Langage Secret De Marc Papillon
Author(s): Nerina Clerici Balmaspp.: 267–274 (8)More LessJustly can we apply the definition of hermetic poetry to the works of Marc Papillon de Lasphrise, both as they mirror a world deeply influenced by the esoteric doctrine of Hermes Trismegistus and because the poet resorts to metabolic devices whose aim is to complicate the message and make communication difficult. In this study we examine a few examples of these metabolic expressions such as specular writing — where the decrypting mechanism can be easily identified — but also devices much more difficult to decipher. In the "Sonnet en langue inconnue" (S. LXXXI in Diverses Poésies) the process involved in the message alteration suggests a double or triple metaplastic encoding similar to the one applied in the loucherbem language. The reason underlying this linguistic experimen-talism is ultimately philosophic as it attempts to go beyond the limits imposed on man and writer.
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Word Order and Tense Choice in Standard Written French
Author(s): Dulcie M. Engelpp.: 331–343 (13)More LessSUMMARYIn modern French, the use of simple and composed tenses varies with respect to word order in two specific cases: firstly with subject inversion, and secondly with insertion of material between the auxiliary and the past participle. With the 'passé simple' (past historic) and the 'passé composé' (perfect), both of which can express past punctual actions, this difference in word order may influence tense choice. If a particular effect (contrast, emphasis...) is desired in the phrase, either the 'passé simple' or the 'passé composé' can be used to express the punctual past, the choice being dependent on their respective influence on word order.RESUMEL'emploi des temps simples et des temps composés en français moderne diffère du point de vue de l'ordre de mots, en deux cas spécifiques: premièrement, avec l'inversion du sujet; et deuxièmement avec la possibilité de l'insertion de mots entre l'auxiliaire et le participe passé. Pour le passé simple et le passé composé, qui expriment tous les deux des actions passées et ponctuelles, cette différence d'ordre peut influencer le choix du temps: si l'on désire creer un effet particulier dans la phrase (contraste, emphase...), on pourrait employer soit le passé simple, soit le passé composé pour exprimer le passé ponctuel, selon leur influence sur l'ordre des mots.
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Propriétés Sémantiques Des Verbes Promoteurs De La Négation En Français
Author(s): Lidija Iordanskajapp.: 345–380 (36)More LessThis paper describes some semantic properties of verbs which admit Neg-raising proceeding from their semantic representation (= semantic decompositions). One new concept relevant to Neg-raising verbs is proposed: negation semantic scope (NSS; the scope of negation in the semantic representation of a verb). Usually, the NSS of a V extends to the whole assertive part of its semantic representation (standard NSS). However, for some verbs (French approuver, conseiller, permettre, etc.) the NSS does not include the central predicate of the assertive part of their semantic representation (special NSS). The special NSS is manifested by various pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic properties of the construction "negative particle + V with special NSS". The special NSS must be lexically specified for the verb in the dictionary.
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Aux Sources De La Sociolinguistique
Author(s): E.F.K. Koernerpp.: 381–401 (21)More LessRESUMEBien que le terme 'sociolinguistics' n'ait ete introduit dans le vocabulai-re technique de la linguistique qu'en 1952 par Haver Currie et que la socio-linguistique ne soit devenue une sous-discipline importante de la science du langage que depuis les annees soixante (v. Bright 1966), cet article main-tient qu'une telle approche du langage existait depuis longtemps, peut-etre plus de cent ans. En d'autres mots, nous avangons qu'il y avait une sociolin-guistique bien avant la lettre.En effet, on retrouve dans la linguistique generate de Wiliam Dwight Whitney (1827-1894) et de Heymann Steinthal (1823-1899) et dans quel-ques articles de Michel Breal (1832-1915) des annees 60 et 70 du siecle dernier des observations qui mettent en relief la nature sociale du langage. Les dialectologues de la meme periode, surtout en France et dans les pays de langue allemande, etaient tout a fait conscients du fait que l'etude des patois, des parlers et des langues orales en general devait etre guidee par des considerations sociologiques (v. Malkiel 1976). Dans la linguistique compa-ree et historique c'est Antoine Meillet (1866-1936), eleve de Saussure et de Breal et collaborates de la revue d'Emile Durkheim, Vannee sociologique, au debut de notre siecle, qui a insiste sur l'importance de l'aspect social (et sociologique) dans l'etude du changement linguistique (par ex., Meillet 1905). Avec ses eleves de Paris, surtout Joseph Vendryes (1875-1960), Alf Sommerfelt (1892-1965) et Marcel Cohen (1884-1974), Meillet etablit l'ecole sociologique du langage (par ex., Vendryes 1921; Sommerfelt 1932; Cohen 1956).Enfin, il existe — a cote de la dialectologie et de l'histoire des langues — encore une troisieme source de la sociolinguistique: l'etude du bilinguisme (par ex., Max Weinreich 1931; Haugen 1953). Ces trois traditions de la recherche linguistique se trouvent toutes reunis dans l'etude de Uriel Weinreich (1926-1967), Languages in Contact (1953), et puisque l'ouvrage de William Labov de 1966, The Social Stratification of English in New York City, qui est souvent cite (bien a tort) comme point de depart de la sociolo-gie moderne, representait sa these de doctorate ecrite sous la direction de Weinreich, il n'est pas etonnant de voir ces traditions, surtout celles de la linguistique geographique et de la linguistique historique, maintenues dans l'oeuvre de Labov (par ex., 1976, 1982).SUMMARYAlthough the term 'sociolinguistics' was not introduced into linguistic nomenclature before 1952 (see Currie 1952) and the field became a recognized field of research in the late 1960s only (e.g., Bright 1966), it is clear that the subject did not begin two decades ago. Indeed, an investigation into the sources of 'sociolinguistics' reveals that its beginnings go back at least 100 years, to the work of William Dwight Whitney (1827-1894), Heymann Steinthal (1823-1899), Michel Breal (1832-1915), and others.However, these were the first programmatic statements and a number of developments in the study of language were necessary to converge upon the kind of sociolinguistics which most students of language associate with the name of William Labov (e.g., Labov 1966), at least in North America. Interestingly enough, it is also in the work of Labov (e.g., 1972) that the origins of 'sociolinguistics' (to some extent in contradistinction to the 'sociology of language' approach associated with Basil Bernstein, Joshua A. Fishman, and others) could be traced, although neither Labov nor the prolific Dell Hymes has written anything on the history of sociolinguistics. (Indeed, the only paper that comes close to it was written by an outsider to the field, the great Romance scholar Yakov Malkiel, in 1976.)In my paper, I shall demonstrate that there are essentially three major traditions of investigation that led to 'sociolinguistics', namely, (1) Dialectology, especially the work done in German-speaking lands and in France from the 1870s onwards (e.g., Georg Wenker [1852-1911], Jules Gillieron [1854-1926], and others) — part of which had been undertaken in an effort to verify and possibility to support the neogrammarian 'regularity hypothesis' of sound changes; (2) Historical Linguistics, in particular the kind advocated by Antoine Meillet (1866-1936) and his school (e.g., Meillet 1905; Vendryes 1921), which developed into a 'science sociologique' of linguistics in general (Sommerfelt 1932) and a 'sociologie du langage' (e.g., Cohen 1956) among the younger Meillet disciples, and (3) Bilingualism Studies (e.g., Max Weinreich 1931; Haugen 1953), traditions all of which can be found united in the 1953 study of Uriel Weinreich (1926-1967), who happens to have been Labov's teacher and mentor.
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Le Developpement Des Pronoms Relatifs Qui Et Que Dans L'Acquisition Du Français
Author(s): Caterina Paganipp.: 403–416 (14)More LessIt results from the analysis of our data that IL's are actually systematic even if they present a certain variability, due to the fact that they are systems under continuous evolution. Our learners' ILs are characterized by their own rules, rules which do not derive from the interference of the first language but rather from some general and abstract principles which can account for language learning in the most different situations. In particular from our data it results that, at least in earlier stages, semantic features play a more preponderant role than syntactic functions. Moreover IL's seem to be submitted to universal constraints similar to those proposed for natural languages (i.e. language universals such as the "Accessibility Hierarchy" by Keenan and Comrie).
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Constituency or Dependency in the Units of Language Acquisition?: An Approach to Describing the Learner's Analysis of Formulae
Author(s): Peter J. Robinsonpp.: 417–437 (21)More LessIn this article I look first at the status of the units of language acquisition in the light of evidence regarding the use of formulaic 'chunks' as unanalyzed wholes and their subsequent analysis or 'fission' by the learner. I then propose that this analysis can best be characterized by using a dependency based syntax and I contrast constituency and dependency approaches to description. Finally I apply a dependency description to a sample of acquisition data thus illustrating the process of pattern analysis underlying the learner's developing awareness of language structure.
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Against Complete Precedence and Temporal Overlap in the Semantics of Tense and Aspect
Author(s): Carl Viknerpp.: 467–474 (8)More LessCarl Vikner: "Against complete precedence and temporal overlap in the semantics of tense and aspect".The paper criticizes the use of the relations complete precedence and temporal overlap, in some recent and influential works of Hans Kamp, to represent the temporal relations between events and situations as expressed by French Passé Simple and Imparfait. These relations are replaced by the relation of (simple) precedence defined over beginnings of events and by the relation of inclusion holding between the beginning of an event and a situation in its entirety.
Volumes & issues
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Volume 47 (2024)
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Volume 46 (2023)
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Volume 45 (2022)
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Volume 44 (2021)
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Volume 43 (2020)
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Volume 10 (1986)
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