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Target. International Journal of Translation Studies - Online First
Online First articles are the published Version of Record, made available as soon as they are finalized and formatted. They are in general accessible to current subscribers, until they have been included in an issue, which is accessible to subscribers to the relevant volume
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Conceptualising meso translation policy
Author(s): Wanhong WangAvailable online: 21 October 2024More LessAbstractLike language policy, translation policy is a complex adaptive phenomenon where multiple agents interact dynamically at diverse levels and affect how principles such as equality, inclusion, and non-discrimination are implemented at concrete, structural levels. While a fair amount of work has been done on top-down and bottom-up translation policy, more research about meso-level translation policy is needed to better understand this topic. This study thus seeks to show how meso-level agency needs to be taken into consideration; in particular, the complex interplays between meso-level agency and structural factors in policymaking and appropriation processes. Taking two Toronto hospitals as examples, this study demonstrates how hospitals can be conceptualised at a meso-level as collective agents. It examines the complexity of their agentive roles and elucidates their exertion of agentive power in order to explore meso complexity, and to assess the subsequent impact on both policy outcomes and people’s lives. To do so, a framework of parameters influencing, if not determining, the effectiveness of public service translation and interpreting provision is proposed. It is then used in combination with an existing tripartite framework of translation policy to develop a more fine-grained and holistic understanding of translation policy in public service settings.
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Trade-offs in translation effects
Author(s): Anthony Pym and Ke HuAvailable online: 18 October 2024More LessAbstractTrade-offs are solutions to translation problems where two or more apparently incompatible values are sought at the same time. As such, they present an alternative to theories that see translation as operating between two polarities of the one value. Analysis of three illustrative examples suggests that receivers can activate trade-offs that are quite different from those envisaged by translators and that different readerships may seek different kinds of trade-offs. The resulting instability gives rise to problems concerning research methodology. It is proposed that the study of trade-offs is suited to a mixed-methods approach that starts from receiver-produced data, that allows for more than two values, and that recognizes that not all solutions are trade-offs. This approach can also identify situations where one kind of trade-off leads to another, creating chains of value transformation that are informed by translation history.
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The translation of extralinguistic cultural references in subtitling
Author(s): Wei Chen, Takeshi Nakamoto and Juan ZhangAvailable online: 11 August 2021More LessAbstractThere has been substantial scholarly interest in extralinguistic cultural references (ECRs) in translation, especially in audiovisual translation (AVT). However, most scholars have investigated subtitling from English into other languages. Although China has a long tradition of film production, few studies have investigated the subtitling of ECRs from Chinese into English. This article attempts to remedy this by investigating the translation strategies, translation strategy distribution, and fidelity indexes of six subtitled versions of Chinese-language films. We compare our results with Gottlieb’s (2009) results on Danish subtitles, and find that both Chinese and Danish subtitlers hold a target-oriented attitude. We then investigate the share of the strategies in the subtitling of ECRs across different Chinese films and determine that this varies by genre and that the difference in the fidelity index among films of different genres is substantial. The translation of epic films appears to be highly faithful, whereas that of crime and gangster films is much less faithful.
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Translation: universals or cognition?
Author(s): Nina SzymorAvailable online: 21 February 2018More LessAbstractThis paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the existence of translation universals by investigating the use of aspect in modal contexts in translated and non-translated legal Polish and by analysing the observed differences with reference to insights from cognitive linguistics. Corpus analysis highlights significant distributional differences in the use of the two aspectual forms of Polish verbs (imperfective and perfective) in modal contexts. I argue that cognitive mechanisms called ‘chunking’ ( Langacker 1988 ; Bybee 2006 ) and ‘entrenchment’ ( Bybee 2010 ) underlie these differences. I show that what may at first glance seem as behaviour unique to the translation process, is in fact caused by general cognitive processes. The study has implications for both translation studies and cognitive linguistics: it offers support for the basic assumptions about the usage-based nature of linguistic knowledge and highlights the importance of taking these assumptions into consideration when investigating the translation process and translation universals.
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From ‘Is’ to ‘Ought’
Author(s): Andrew Chesterman
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