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- Volume 1, Issue, 2012
Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics - Volume 1, Issue 1, 2012
Volume 1, Issue 1, 2012
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Supervernaculars and their dialects
Author(s): Jan Blommaertpp.: 1–14 (14)More LessThis paper introduces the term ‘supervernacular’ as a descriptor for new forms of semiotic codes emerging in the context of technology-driven globalization processes. Supervernaculars are widespread codes used in communities that do not correspond to ‘traditional’ sociolinguistic speech communities, but are deterritorialized and transidiomatic communities that, nonetheless, appear to create a solid and normative sociolinguistic system. Such systems — we illustrate them by referring to mobile texting codes — can be seen as the outcome of complex processes of englobalization-and-deglobalization, of globally circulating affordances that always and inevitably get taken up within the possibilities and constraints of local sociolinguistic economies. Consequently, they only occur as ‘dialects’ of the supervernacular: instances of locally constrained and ‘accented’ realization that display an orientation to the ideological ‘standard’ supervernacular. Investigating supervernaculars, seen from this angle, illustrates and clarifies fundamental sociolinguistic processes of ‘standardization’ and sheds light on the cultural dynamics of superdiversity.
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Carnavalesk taalgebruik en de constructie van lokale identiteiten: Een pleidooi voor taalcultuur als onderzoeksveld
Author(s): Leonie M.E.A. Cornips, Vincent de Rooij and Irene Stengspp.: 15–40 (26)More LessThis article aims to encourage the interdisciplinary study of ‘languaculture,’ an approach to language and culture in which ideology, linguistic and cultural forms, as well as praxis are studied in relation to one another. An integrated analysis of the selection of linguistic and cultural elements provides insight into how these choices arise from internalized norms and values, and how people position themselves toward received categories and hegemonic ideologies. An interdisciplinary approach will stimulate a rethinking of established concepts and methods of research. It will also lead to a mutual strengthening of linguistic, sociolinguistic, and anthropological research. This contribution focuses on Limburg and the linguistic political context of this Southern-Netherlands region where people are strongly aware of their linguistic distinctiveness. The argument of the paper is based on a case study of languaculture, viz. the carnivalesque song ‘Naar Talia’ (To Italy) by the Getske Boys from the city of Heerlen.
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Where is Dutch (really) heading?: The classroom consequences of destandardization
Author(s): Stefan Grondelaers and Roeland van Houtpp.: 41–58 (18)More LessLike other European standard languages, Dutch is currently undergoing destandardization processes which excite concern on the part of the linguistic and cultural establishment, and inspire uncertainty in school teachers of Dutch. In the face of the progressing variability in a variety which should (in theory) be uniform, the question which norm should be taught in the schools is becoming increasingly legitimate, though theoretical linguists do not typically concern themselves with it. This paper first pools and reviews the available evidence in favour of a more positive account of ongoing developments in Netherlandic Standard Dutch (NSD). It then proposes a concrete division of labour between formal and less formal varieties of Dutch. Our principal conclusion is that the norm relaxation observed in NSD must not engender lawlessness in language teaching.
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Tracking referents in discourse
Author(s): Monique Lamers and Wilbert Spoorenpp.: 59–79 (21)More LessThis reading study registered eye movements to investigate the influence of different discourse constructional factors on anaphor resolution in written discourse. More specifically, the study focused on the influence of the possible interplay of proximity between a possible referent and the anaphor and amount of elaboration on the time course of the different processes involved in anaphor resolution. Results at the anaphoric expression and the area immediately following the anaphoric expression reveal an effect of elaboration, but only in total reading times and second pass reading times. No effects were found at the reinstated referent. These results indicate that the difference in saliency between two possible referents almost directly influences anaphor resolution. We discuss these findings in relation to the time course of different processes in anaphor resolution such as bonding and resolution, in combination with a reading strategy that readers are satisfied with a superficial interpretation.
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Unity in Super-diversity: European capacity and intercultural inquisitiveness of the Erasmus generation 2.0
Author(s): Annelies Messelink and Jan D. ten Thijepp.: 80–101 (22)More LessVertovec (2007) discusses super-diversity with reference to technological developments and increasing migration patterns which increase exposure to cultural diversity. As a consequence, ‘the other’ becomes less predictable and assumptions regarding cultural and linguistic features are less easily made (Blommaert & Backus, 2011, pp. 2–4). This paper examines students and graduates living in Brussels who have obtained significant experience working and studying in foreign countries: the Erasmus generation 2.0. We analyse discourse strategies used by members of the Erasmus generation 2.0 coping with super-diversity. The aim is to give insight into how members manage cultural and linguistic differences in interaction, and how this enables them to achieve unity in diversity. Instead of speaking of a European identity, we introduce the notion of ‘European capacity’, which denotes the ability to manage differences and multiple identities in interaction. European capacity emphasises how communicative competencies allow interlocutors to successfully operate in European multicultural and multilingual groups.
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Foreign language attrition
Author(s): Monika S. Schmid and Teodora Mehotchevapp.: 102–124 (23)More LessThe present contribution discusses recent developments and future directions in the attrition of instructed foreign languages, arguing for a distinction between this type of attrition and attrition involving second languages acquired implicitly in an immersion setting. An overview of the history of research in the field and the most prominent findings is provided, followed by a discussion of theoretical models and methodologically problematic issues. We conclude by outlining some future directions for the field.
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Conventionalized ways of saying things (CWOSTs) and L2 development
Author(s): Hana Smiskova, Marjolijn Verspoor and Wander Lowiepp.: 125–142 (18)More LessTaking a usage-based approach, this paper aims to define conventionalized ways of saying things (CWOSTs) as multi-word units so that they can be included in researching L2 development. We build on Langacker’s (2008) “normal ways of saying things”, here understood as conventionalized form-meaning-function mappings. We used task-elicited written texts from 40 Dutch L2 learners of English to obtain a range of possible ways of expressing the same notion. Each expression was judged for naturalness by native speakers of English and checked for token frequency in reference corpora. Based on these two measures of conventionalization, CWOSTs can be captured as the preferred formulations among a range of possible ways of expressing the same beyond-word-level notion. We conclude that in L2 development, conventionalized ways of saying things (CWOSTs) are best defined against awkward ways of saying things (AWSTs); compare when I grow up and when I am a grown up adult.
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Time scales in second language development
Author(s): Kees de Botpp.: 143–149 (7)More LessDevelopment, and thus language development takes place at many interacting timescales, ranging from the milliseconds of lexical retrieval to pragmatic development at the scale of the life span. Different factors play a role in development at different time scales and even the same factor may play out differently at different time scales. Motivation in language learning may impact on long term intentions like a successful career, but also on short term motives like passing an examination. Such motivational drives interact, leading to a complex non-linear trajectory over time. There is hardly any research that looks at the same developmental process at different time scales and much of the research on second language development needs to be reconsidered on the basis of these insights.
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Raadsels van tweedetaalverwerving
Author(s): Jan H. Hulstijnpp.: 150–159 (10)More LessThis paper predicts that the study of second language acquisition, as a young discipline of scientific inquiry in its own right, faces a bright future, but only if its scholarly community critically re-examines some notions and assumptions that have too long been taken for granted. First, it is time to reconsider familiar dichotomies, such as second versus foreign language and natural versus instructed language learning. Furthermore, it is worth checking whether and to what extent the puzzling phenomena to be explained by language acquisition theories do really exist (such as uniformity and success and fast acquisition rates in first language acquisition and universal developmental sequences in second language acquisition). The paper furthermore pleas for a multidisciplinary approach to the explanation of the fundamental puzzles of first and second language acquisition and bilingualism, including bridging the divide between psycholinguistic and socio-cultural theories.
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Foreign language attrition
Author(s): Monika S. Schmid and Teodora Mehotcheva
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The EPPM put to the test
Author(s): Joëlle Ooms, Carel Jansen and John Hoeks
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Transfer in L3 acquisition
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Supervernaculars and their dialects
Author(s): Jan Blommaert
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